Pdpersi, Jakarta - Seep seawater into the mainland, can not be denied, for this is still considered one eye by the people and government. In fact, although the impact is not felt directly as air pollution and noise, for the long term, the seepage of seawater into the mainland will lead to huge losses, both in terms of environment, health, and even economics.
Drs Drs HadikusumahMenurut Hadikusumah of Research and Development Agency (Balitbang) oceanography and the Center for Research and Development (Research) Oceanologi, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), when the meet pdpersi.co.id in his office, Wednesday (11/10), although LIPI has been no research on how far inland the sea water seepage, but the estimated seepage of sea water along the coast of North Jakarta has reached into the region Monday and parts of Central Jakarta West Jakarta.
In fact, permeation of water into the inland sea known as the intrusion of this, should not be underestimated. The existence of pores of the hollow ground, causing sea water into land. It happened because the ground water that is pumped out too big and empty spaces or pores are filled by seawater. In effect, the water on land that had been fresh, becoming brackish.
Although the impact of intrusion will appear regularly and for long periods of time, if left alone, without any attempt to prevent it, of course, will cause huge losses for the community. It is conceivable, how large losses suffered economically because of seepage and erosion of sea water. Lands on the beach will be reduced and if dinominalkan, will be immense.
"Although until now there has been no data on these losses, but you can imagine how much money out when the soil is lost in the hundreds of kilometers due to erosion and leakage," said Hadi. Moreover, when viewed in terms of health and the environment. Not to mention the various diseases that might whack people who consume the brackish water.
Need Attention
Inevitably, according to Hadi, there should be serious attention from society, employers and the government itself, to overcome this intrusion of sea water. The community must understand the meaning of health. That is, the arising of consciousness to keep the environment clean. One way you can do is not throw garbage into the rivers. By piling garbage in the rivers, it will cause mud deposits. And silt-mud will be washed into the sea without being able to get into the ground.
For entrepreneurs, directorate, said Hadi, an awareness of the environment, especially for hotels which consume enough water. Many entrepreneurs hotel using artesian wells to meet water needs in hotels, whereas the use of these wells can make the soil inside the hole. This, of course lead to seepage of sea water.
And the most vital is the local government. According to Hadi, the government of Jakarta is proper to make strict rules about the use of groundwater. If you need hotel entrepreneurs are charged a very large contribution because of its impact is also very large.
In addition, Hadi added, the government needs to make or oversee the catchment areas, water catchment. Because if the water catchment area until disrupted water supplies will be reduced and the preservation of nature can be disturbed. In addition, he also suggested that the issue be submitted to the private waste management, waste management because all this is still not good.
Impact On Health
Then, how the effects of brackish water on the health of the community who use it? According to Lecturer Department of Biology Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences pengatahuan University of Indonesia (UI FMIPA), Dra Erlin Nurtiyani Msi, to pdpersi.co.id via telephone, Wednesday (11/10), using brackish water for consumption and other activities such as bathing, can detrimental to health. Because brackish water contains NaCl (Sodium Chloride) is high and can interfere with the metabolism that occurs in the human body.
"The use of brackish water for consumption can cause a person exposed to stomach ailments like diarrhea. Meanwhile, when used for bathing, can trigger the appearance of skin diseases, such as hives. For the longer term, it is not impossible people who consume the brackish water will be a serious disease because of impaired metabolism and impaired sensitivity to receive the body of brackish water containing salt, "said Erlin.
Well, the problem, said Erlin, today many people are still entangled in the economic crush. How do they want to think about health or the environment if their daily needs have not been fulfilled. They are more concerned with their daily needs than to buy fresh water for drinking and bathing. They can drink anything and bath water is not regularly provided for their daily needs that exist. Over time they are used and their body is immune to the germs that are inside.
To overcome these problems, back again on the role of government and institutions-governmental organizations (NGOs). How to help the community - especially among the not able to - get out of trouble. The trick, according to Erlin, by making the wells or new pumps free of charge and provide counseling, counseling them about the impact of the use of brackish water. "If the government and NGOs actively participate then these difficulties can be minimized," said Erlin.
Senin, 03 Oktober 2011
Citarum watershed damage threatened 8 cities of West Java province
BANDUNG, KOMPAS.com - Environmental damage in the Citarum River Basin threatens the growth and development of the eight cities and regencies in West Java. Damage also affects the water supply in Jakarta and the power supply in Java and Bali.
It is said to be the Governor of West Java, Ahmad Heryawan, and environmental experts, Emil Salim, in a national seminar entitled "In Defense Empowerment Areas Security Environment" in Bandung, on Tuesday (24 / 3).
According Heryawan, the role of the Watershed (DAS) Citarum is vital. River along the 269 kilometers and an area of 718,268 hectares provides livelihoods for eight cities and regencies in West Java. It is the Regency area and the city of Bandung, Kota Cimahi, Sumedang Regency, Cianjur Regency, Purwakarta district, Bogor regency, and district Khanewal. River basins is estimated at around 300,000 hectares of agricultural land and inhabited by 8.5 million people.
Citarum river basin also provides the main water supply for power plants in Java, Bali Saguling Reservoir, Cirata, and Jatiluhur. In addition, the Citarum river basin is also a source of drinking water for the capital of the Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta.
However, due to the factory and domestic waste pollution and the deforestation of the environment, DAS Citarum feared would only bring disaster to the surrounding area, such as flooding.
Therefore, the Governor called on all parties see this as a problem with either the provincial, city and county, civil and military. He asked for funds amounting to Rp 30 billion from the Budget Revenue and Expenditure Jabar is used properly for the preservation of the environment.
Not enough big money, but also commitment. For example the involvement of the initial search of seeds, planting, tree maintenance up. Often encountered, environmental conservation work is only half-heartedly, he said.
According to Emil Salim, the Citarum watershed damage is an indication of empowerment of poor communities in a region. Although Jabar highly dependent on the Citarum river basin, the surrounding community did not notice her condition. As a result, the environment only lead to disaster rather than welfare.
In the most extreme conditions, minimal attention in Citarum watershed in West Java to make the activity easier paralyzed. Stay Citarum destroy water sources on Mount Wayang then Jabar drought and its people will live in misery, said Emil.
It is said to be the Governor of West Java, Ahmad Heryawan, and environmental experts, Emil Salim, in a national seminar entitled "In Defense Empowerment Areas Security Environment" in Bandung, on Tuesday (24 / 3).
According Heryawan, the role of the Watershed (DAS) Citarum is vital. River along the 269 kilometers and an area of 718,268 hectares provides livelihoods for eight cities and regencies in West Java. It is the Regency area and the city of Bandung, Kota Cimahi, Sumedang Regency, Cianjur Regency, Purwakarta district, Bogor regency, and district Khanewal. River basins is estimated at around 300,000 hectares of agricultural land and inhabited by 8.5 million people.
Citarum river basin also provides the main water supply for power plants in Java, Bali Saguling Reservoir, Cirata, and Jatiluhur. In addition, the Citarum river basin is also a source of drinking water for the capital of the Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta.
However, due to the factory and domestic waste pollution and the deforestation of the environment, DAS Citarum feared would only bring disaster to the surrounding area, such as flooding.
Therefore, the Governor called on all parties see this as a problem with either the provincial, city and county, civil and military. He asked for funds amounting to Rp 30 billion from the Budget Revenue and Expenditure Jabar is used properly for the preservation of the environment.
Not enough big money, but also commitment. For example the involvement of the initial search of seeds, planting, tree maintenance up. Often encountered, environmental conservation work is only half-heartedly, he said.
According to Emil Salim, the Citarum watershed damage is an indication of empowerment of poor communities in a region. Although Jabar highly dependent on the Citarum river basin, the surrounding community did not notice her condition. As a result, the environment only lead to disaster rather than welfare.
In the most extreme conditions, minimal attention in Citarum watershed in West Java to make the activity easier paralyzed. Stay Citarum destroy water sources on Mount Wayang then Jabar drought and its people will live in misery, said Emil.
deforestation in Inbonesia
FOREWORD
I as the authors acknowledge with gratitude to Almighty God, having been granted health to this day so as to make this simple paper.
Damage to forests is something that is very bad for human life and other living things so that we all need to guard it with the best of our forests to stay awake condition, as for the purpose of writing this paper to understand more how to keep the forest in order to keep both of the threat whatever.
I would also like to thank also to the parties who have been concerned and also the support given to us all and we are ready to accept criticism and advice in case of errors in this writing and the writing of this we hope you all love the forests that have been given to the creator and take good care
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1. A background of the problem
[1] Forests are natural resources that are invaluable for the biodiversity contained therein as a source of germplasm, the source of timber and non-wood, regulatory water management, flood prevention and erosion and soil fertility, protection of natural biodiversity for the benefit of science, culture, recreation, tourism and so on. Therefore use of forests and their protection have been stipulated in the Constitution 45, Law no. 5 of 1990, Act No. 23 of 1997, Law no. 41 in 1999, PP No. 28 year 1985 and some of the decisions of the Minister of Forestry and several decisions the Director General of PHPA and the Director General of Forest Utilization. However, disruption of forest resources continue even increasing in intensity.
Destruction of forest cover: forest fires, illegal logging and other forms of disturbance is one of the increasingly frequent. The negative impact caused by forest destruction include considerable ecological damage, reduced biodiversity, reduced economic value of forest and soil productivity, climate change and global micro-, and smoke from forest fires disrupt people's health and interfere with good transportation by land, rivers, lakes, seas and air. And also because of forest fire smoke disorders Indonesia in recent years have crossed national borders.
[2] Various measures of prevention and protection of forest fires and illegal logging have been conducted including the effectiveness of legal instruments (laws, regulations, and the Decree of the Minister to DG), but do not provide optimal results. Since a fairly large forest fires in East Kalimantan in 1982/83, the intensity of forest fires occur more frequently and its spread widening. Recorded some of the next big enough fire in 1987, 1991, 1994 and 1997 to 2003. It is therefore necessary in-depth assessments to prevent and combat forest fires.
Illegal logging can also negatively affect, among others, can both menyababkan landslides and floods. Hence the need for preservation of our forests so that no fires and illegal logging and we do not want.
This paper is a synthesis of knowledge about forests, forest fires and illegal logging tackled collected from various sources in the hope can be used as input material for researchers, policymakers and development of knowledge for the lovers of the environment and forestry.
1. 2 Identify the problem
[3] Fire as a tool or technology that dominated the early humans to alter the environment and natural resources began in the mid to late Paleolithic era, 1400000-700000 years ago. Since humans know and master the technology of fire, the fire is considered as the basis for the development of human capital because it can be used for clearing forests, improve the quality of grazing land, hunting wildlife, wildlife drive, social communication and so on around the campfire (Soeriaatmadja, 1997).
[4] Analysis of soil charcoal from Borneo suggests that the forests have burned periodically starting at least since 17,500 years ago. Fires likely to occur naturally during periods of drier climate than the climate at that time. However, humans also have burned the forest more than 10 thousand years ago to facilitate hunting and open farmland. Notes written a century ago and oral histories from people who lived in the woods confirmed that forest fires are nothing new for Indonesia's forests.
The main cause of forest fires in East Kalimantan is due to human activity and only a small part caused by natural events. The process according Soeriaatmadja natural fires (1997), can occur due to lightning strikes, collisions longsuran rocks, outcrops of coal, and piles srasahan. But according Saharjo and Husaeni (1998), fires due to natural processes is very small and for the case of Kalimantan is less than 1%.
Large wildfires triggered also by the emergence of the El-Nino climate phenomenon such as fires that occurred in 1987, 1991, 1994 and 1997 (Ministry of Environment and UNDP, 1998). The development also shows the occurrence of fire expansion of the fire which spread not only in East Kalimantan, but in almost all provinces, and not only occur in forest areas but also in non-forest land.
The cause of forest fires is still a topic of debate, whether due to natural or due to human activities. However, based on some research results indicate that the main cause of forest fires is the human factor which originated from the activities or issues as follows:
Traditional farming systems of the local population on the move.
Clearing of forests by forest concession holders (HPH) for insdustri timber and oil palm plantations.
Structural causes, the combination of poverty, development policies and governance, giving rise to conflicts between customary law and positive law of nations.
[5] Shifting move is an attempt to traditional agriculture in forest areas where land clearing is always done by burning because it is fast, cheap and practical. However, land clearing for farming is generally very limited and controlled because it has followed the rules of heredity (Dove, 1988). Wildfire may occur due to farming activities only as kamuflasa of illegal loggers who use the road concessions and in the concession area.
Clearing of forests by concessionaires and plantation companies for the development of industrial crops and plantations generally cover a fairly wide area. Method of clearing land by clear-cutting and land clearing burning is an alternative to the most inexpensive, easy and fast. However, these methods often result in fires not only limited to the area prepared for the development of industrial crops or plantations, but extends into protected forests, production forests and other land.
While the structural causes, generally originated from a conflict between the owners of the timber industry and mining capital, with the natives who feel ownership of traditional (indigenous) their land, forests and lands controlled by the investors who were given approval by the positive law of nations. Consequently pique people acted with arson in order to maintain their existing land for generations. Here poverty and injustice be triggered forest fires and the people will not want to participate to extinguish it.
While illegal logging is a condition that is not foreign to mention the many people who live in areas near the mountains using forests for timber, but without asking permission first. [6] And the result of Deforestation, 2100 Fountain Drying
Scarcity of kerosene, which often plagued the population in various regions in Banyumas, Central Java, in recent years spurred concern the population re-use firewood cutting trees and perennials.
If that happens, damage to water sources (springs) will be faster. In Banyumas currently living springs 900, whereas in 2001 still recorded spring 3000.
Each year an average of about 300 spring water logging due to programmed death (production forests) and the felling of tree belonging to the people, but due to various pressures of life and developmental needs of the population, protection of water resources and forest tree or heavier.
On the other hand, residents in the land there are sources of water never receive compensation in exchange for agreeing not to chop down the tree.
Difficulty obtaining kerosene population impact on the increased use of firewood. Residents in rural areas far from the base kerosene choose to cut down trees for firewood.
1. 3 Discussion of problems
Recent years forest fires occur almost every year, particularly in the dry season. Large fires occurred in the East Kalimantan in 1982/83 and in 1997/98. In the year 1982/83 forest fires have burned about 3.5 million hectares in East Kalimantan and is a record for the world's largest forest fire after a forest fire in Brazil that reached 2 million hectares in 1963 (Soeriaatmadja, 1997).
Then the record was broken again by Indonesian forest fires in the year 1997/98 which had burned an area of 11.7 million hectares. Largest fires occurred in Kalimantan with a total of 8.13 million hectares of land burned, followed by Sumatra, West Papua, Sulawesi and Java respectively 2.07 million hectares, one million hectares, 400 thousand hectares and 100 thousand hectares (Tacconi, 2003).
Furthermore, Indonesia's forest fires continue to take place every year although the total area burned and the resulting losses are relatively small and generally not well documented. Data from Direktotar General Forest Protection and Conservation of Nature shows that the forest fires that occur each year from 1998 until 2002 was recorded ranged between 3 thousand hectares to 515 thousand hectares (Direktotar General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation, 2003).
1. 3. 1 Losses caused
[7] Forest fires in recent years become an international concern as an environmental and economic issues, especially after a major fire in various parts of the world in 1997/98 which destroyed an area of 25 million hectares. Fires in 1997/98 resulted in forest degradation and deforestation economic cost of approximately U.S. $ 1.6 to 2.7 billion and costs due to pollution haze around U.S. $ 674-799 million. The loss caused by forest fires is likely much larger because of the estimated economic impact for business activities in Indonesia are not available. Valuation costs associated with carbon emissions likely to reach U.S. $ 2.8 billion (Tacconi, 2003).
The results of recalculation of economic loss that collected Tacconi (2003), suggests that the Indonesian forest fires has caused losses of between U.S. $ 2.84 milayar up to U.S. $ 4.86 billion to cover losses and damages assessed by the money that is not valued in money. Loss includes damage associated with fire such as wood, dead trees, plantations, gardens, buildings, cost control and so forth as well as costs associated with smog such as health, tourism and transportation.
1. 3. 2 Impact of Forest Fires
[8] Forest fires are quite large as it did in the 1997/98 result in a very extensive material damage in addition to wood, non wood and animals. The negative impact of up to become a global issue is the smoke from the burning that has crossed national boundaries. Residue in addition to causing fog also pollute the air and increases greenhouse gases.
Thick smoke from forest fires have a negative impact because it can interfere with public health, especially respiratory disorders. Besides heavy smoke also disrupt transportation besides air transport, especially road transportation, rivers, lakes, and seas. At a fairly large forest fires many cases had to be delayed or canceled flights. While on land, river, lake and sea happened a few cases of collision or accident causing loss of lives and property.
Losses due to disruption of public health, delays or flight cancellations, and accidents on land transport, and in the water can not be calculated exactly, but certainly big enough burden on society and business actors. The impact of forest fires in the form of smoke Indonesia has crossed national borders, especially Singapore, Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia and Thailand.
Another effect is the destruction of forests after a fire and loss of wildlife. Severe forest fire will be difficult to be restored, because the soil structure is damaged. The loss of vegetation causes the open land, so easily eroded, and can no longer withstand flooding. So after forest fire, frequent floods in the rainy season in different regions of the forest on fire. Losses from flooding are also difficult to calculate.
Analysis of the impact of forest fires is still in early development stage, knowledge about the complex ecosystem that has not been well developed and the information in the form of a critical threshold of ecological changes associated with fire is very limited, so the impact of forest fires difficult to calculate precisely. Nevertheless, based on rough calculations described above can be concluded that forest fires pose a considerable impact for the surrounding community, even the impact to neighboring countries.
Since a fairly large forest fires that occurred in 1982/83 which was then followed by a series of forest fires the next few years as well as illegal logging in Indonesia is actually already implemented several measures, both are anticipatory (preventive) or handling.
Efforts to prevent forest fires done include:
(A) Strengthening institutions by forming the shape of Sub Directorate of Forest Fire and Non Pusdalkarhutnas structural form, Pusdalkarhutda and Satlak and fire brigades in each forest concessions and plantations;
(B) Completing the software in the form of guidance and technical guidance to prevent and control forest fires;
(C) Completing the hardware equipment in the form of prevention and extinguishing forest fires.
(D) Conduct fire control training for government officials, personnel and state-owned forestry enterprises and forest communities.
(E) Campaign and counseling through a variety of apples Standby control forest fires.
(F) Provision of supplies to entrepreneurs (HPH, HTI, plantations and Transmigration), Regional Office of MoF, and the ranks of local government by the Minister of Forestry and the Ministry of Environment.
(G) In any approval of the release of forest land for non-forestry development, forest clearance is always required without fuel.
Prevention efforts to prevent illegal logging include:
We are missing the forest rangers should be holding the guard to prevent theft.
Awarded to ban illegal loggers are not committing theft
Sanctions given that whoever took the forest on purpose.
Besides prevention, the government also nelakukan prevention through various activities such as:
(A) Empower the post-post are also guarding the forest fires at all levels, and conduct training on matters that must be done during idle I and II.
(B) The mobility of all resources (human, equipment & funding) at all levels, both in the ranks of the Department of Forestry and other agencies, and corporations.
(C) Improve coordination with related institutions at the central level through PUSDALKARHUTNAS and at the regional level through PUSDALKARHUTDA Tk I and SATLAK forest and land fires.
(D) Ask for foreign aid to fight fires, among others: Bomba troops from Malaysia to fires in Riau, Jambi, South Sumatra and West Kalimantan.
1. 3. 3 Increase Prevention and Control Efforts
Prevention and control efforts that have been done so far has yet to give optimal results and forest fires continue to occur in every dry season. This condition is caused by various factors, among others:
Poverty and injustice for the community or in the forest periphery.
Awareness of all walks of life against fire is still low
The ability of the government apparatus, especially for coordination, provide guidance for public awareness, and fire fighting efforts in the bush and forests are still low.
Efforts to both formal and informal education for forest fire prevention have been inadequate.
The identification of a spate of forest fires showed that the main cause of forest fires is the human factor and the factors that trigger the spread of the fire area is agricultural activity, the opening of the timber and plantation as well as customary law conflicts with state law, then to improve the effectiveness and optimization of activities to prevent and control forest fires need to remedy the problems associated with these factors.
On the other hand has not been effective management of fire caused by poverty and injustice, lack of public awareness, limited ability of the apparatus, and the lack of facilities for fire-fighting, then to optimize prevention and forest fire prevention in the future include:
a. Do coaching and counseling to improve the welfare of rural communities or in forests, as well as working to increase public awareness about the dangers of forest fires and shrubs.
b. Give the same respect for customary law as state law or amend state law by adopting the customary law.
c. Increased resource capacity through training of government officials as well as formal education. The opening of the forest fire prevention program of study is an alternative that could be offered.
d. Equip facilities for menanggulagi forest fires, both software and hardware.
e. Application of legal sanctions on perpetrators of violations in the field of environment, especially the trigger or direct cause of the fire.
1. 4 Goals discussion
From all what is written or what was discussed above that in creating a beautiful and sustainable forests, we as a nation, Indonesia must maintain and preserve our natural forests in order to remain well preserved, in order to avoid forest fires and logging, illegal logging.
If all that has been established in the government and not addressed properly implemented then the impact will occur in our successors nanti.telah explained that many of the negative impacts that occur when there is fire and deforestation, therefore we all have to prevent it from happening what we do not want in the years to mendatang.dan if all had happened then we rebuild what was destroyed in order to become beautiful again.
And purpose of all this is to remind everyone that the impact of fires and illegal logging will make our nature to be destroyed and much damage will occur as a result of our own actions, therefore we all must take good care of our forests so that remain well preserved.
1. 5 Methods of data collection
The contents of all of these were collected from several sources and penelitian.dan also what we get from several sources in discussing the re-re-searched and searched through the internet by asking the people who work in local forestry in order to avoid misunderstandings.
1. 6 Systematic presentation
In this paper presentation by gathering resources that have been got and write it back with good language and correct. And also add what is less obvious and less in the writing and less understood by those banyak.Penulisan this paper I wrote with my best effort and a lot of additional writing and language.
CHAPTER II
INDONESIA FOREST DAMAGE
Damage that occurs in the Indonesian jungle is a very tiddak fun event for Indonesian citizens because forests are natural resources that are invaluable for the biodiversity contained therein as a source of germplasm, the source of timber and non-timber, regulator of the water system, preventing flooding and erosion and soil fertility, protection of natural biodiversity for the benefit of science, culture, recreation, tourism and so on. Therefore use of forests and their protection have been stipulated in the Constitution 45, Law no. 5 of 1990, Act No. 23 of 1997, Law no. 41 in 1999, PP No. 28 year 1985 and some of the decisions of the Minister of Forestry and several decisions the Director General of PHPA and the Director General of Forest Utilization. However, disruption of forest resources continue even increasing in intensity.
Damage to forests include: fires and illegal logging is an example that is not good and all of these events must have no impact and its prevention but we also do not assume everything is just peristiw a mediocre because there needs to be learning and special training in order to direct practice and make our forests more womanly comfortable to be seen and visited by many people.
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
3. 1 Conclusion
In closing this paper can be put forward some of the following:
1. Forests are natural resources that is invaluable for the biodiversity contained therein as a source of germplasm, the source of timber and non-wood, regulatory water management, flood prevention and erosion and soil fertility, and so on. Therefore the use and protection governed by the laws and regulations.
2. Fires and illegal logging is one form of disturbance to forest resources and lately more and more frequent. Fires and deforestation caused huge losses and the impact is very wide, even across borders. On the other hand prevention and control efforts made during this still does not give optimal results. It is therefore necessary improvements thoroughly, especially those related to the welfare of rural communities or in forests.
3. Various improvement efforts that need to be done among others in the field of education to the community especially with regard to the factors that cause forest fires, increase the ability of government officer of the Department of Forestry, increased facilities and menanggulagi to prevent forest fires and illegal logging, legal reform and implementation expressly sanctions
4. Due to deforestation, 2100 springs to dry up and as a result of logging also resulted in damage to water sources (springs) will be faster.
3. 2 Suggestions
For the readers of this paper and also all the people that the forest is a source of life for humans if the forest is no more then human life will change and poverty will occur. Thus the forest preserve is not considered easy.
And for nature lovers, continue to safeguard the best and also increase vigilance against those who want to spoil, prevent possible damage to the forest of ours.
Bibliography
Danny, W., 2001. Ecological and Socio-Economic Interactions With Forest Fires in East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Paper Presented at Pusdiklat Forestry. Bogor. 33 p..
Direktotar General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation. 2003. According to Forest Fire Forest Function, Last Five Years. Direktotar General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation, Jakarta.
Dove, M.R., 1988. Shifting system in Indonesia. A case-study from West Kalimantan. Gadjah Mada University Press. Yogyakarta. P. 510.
Soemarsono, 1997. Land of fire, shrubs and forests in Indonesia (Causes, and Perspective Efforts Efforts in the Future). Proceedings of the Symposium: "Impact Of Forest Fires Natural Resources and Environment". December 16, 1997 in Yogyakarta. p. :1-14.
Soeriaatmadja, R.E. 1997. Impact of Forest Fire Response Resources And Environmental Management and Natural Resources To which. Proceedings of the Symposium: "Impact Of Forest Fires Natural Resources and Environment". December 16, 1997 in Yogyakarta. p.: 36-39.
Schweithelm, J. and D. Glover, 1999. Causes and Effects of Fire. The high price of A Disaster: Environmental Losses Due to Fire and smoke in Indonesia. Editor: D. Glover & T. Jessup
Saharjo and Husaeni, 1998. East Kalimantan Burns. Wildfire 7 (7) :19-21.
Tacconi, T., 2003. Forest fires in Indonesia, Causes, costs and policy implications. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia. 22 p.. http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/Publiction/occasional Paper No. 38 (i) / html
Source: Kompas,
[1] Danny, W., 2001. Interaction of Social Ecology and Economics, Bogor. 33 p..
[2] Direktotar General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation. 2003
[3] Soeriaatmadja, R.E. 1997. "Impact of Forest Fires". December 1997 in Yogyakarta. p.: 36-39.
[4] Schweithelm, j and D.glover, 1999
[5] Dove, M.R., 1988. Shifting system in Indonesia. Gadjah Mada University Press. Yogyakarta. 510 p.
[6] Sources: compass.
[7] Tacconi, T., 2003 Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia. 22 p..
[8] Soemarsono, 1997, Impact of Forest Fires, dated December 16, 1997 in Yogyakarta. p. :1-14.
I as the authors acknowledge with gratitude to Almighty God, having been granted health to this day so as to make this simple paper.
Damage to forests is something that is very bad for human life and other living things so that we all need to guard it with the best of our forests to stay awake condition, as for the purpose of writing this paper to understand more how to keep the forest in order to keep both of the threat whatever.
I would also like to thank also to the parties who have been concerned and also the support given to us all and we are ready to accept criticism and advice in case of errors in this writing and the writing of this we hope you all love the forests that have been given to the creator and take good care
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1. A background of the problem
[1] Forests are natural resources that are invaluable for the biodiversity contained therein as a source of germplasm, the source of timber and non-wood, regulatory water management, flood prevention and erosion and soil fertility, protection of natural biodiversity for the benefit of science, culture, recreation, tourism and so on. Therefore use of forests and their protection have been stipulated in the Constitution 45, Law no. 5 of 1990, Act No. 23 of 1997, Law no. 41 in 1999, PP No. 28 year 1985 and some of the decisions of the Minister of Forestry and several decisions the Director General of PHPA and the Director General of Forest Utilization. However, disruption of forest resources continue even increasing in intensity.
Destruction of forest cover: forest fires, illegal logging and other forms of disturbance is one of the increasingly frequent. The negative impact caused by forest destruction include considerable ecological damage, reduced biodiversity, reduced economic value of forest and soil productivity, climate change and global micro-, and smoke from forest fires disrupt people's health and interfere with good transportation by land, rivers, lakes, seas and air. And also because of forest fire smoke disorders Indonesia in recent years have crossed national borders.
[2] Various measures of prevention and protection of forest fires and illegal logging have been conducted including the effectiveness of legal instruments (laws, regulations, and the Decree of the Minister to DG), but do not provide optimal results. Since a fairly large forest fires in East Kalimantan in 1982/83, the intensity of forest fires occur more frequently and its spread widening. Recorded some of the next big enough fire in 1987, 1991, 1994 and 1997 to 2003. It is therefore necessary in-depth assessments to prevent and combat forest fires.
Illegal logging can also negatively affect, among others, can both menyababkan landslides and floods. Hence the need for preservation of our forests so that no fires and illegal logging and we do not want.
This paper is a synthesis of knowledge about forests, forest fires and illegal logging tackled collected from various sources in the hope can be used as input material for researchers, policymakers and development of knowledge for the lovers of the environment and forestry.
1. 2 Identify the problem
[3] Fire as a tool or technology that dominated the early humans to alter the environment and natural resources began in the mid to late Paleolithic era, 1400000-700000 years ago. Since humans know and master the technology of fire, the fire is considered as the basis for the development of human capital because it can be used for clearing forests, improve the quality of grazing land, hunting wildlife, wildlife drive, social communication and so on around the campfire (Soeriaatmadja, 1997).
[4] Analysis of soil charcoal from Borneo suggests that the forests have burned periodically starting at least since 17,500 years ago. Fires likely to occur naturally during periods of drier climate than the climate at that time. However, humans also have burned the forest more than 10 thousand years ago to facilitate hunting and open farmland. Notes written a century ago and oral histories from people who lived in the woods confirmed that forest fires are nothing new for Indonesia's forests.
The main cause of forest fires in East Kalimantan is due to human activity and only a small part caused by natural events. The process according Soeriaatmadja natural fires (1997), can occur due to lightning strikes, collisions longsuran rocks, outcrops of coal, and piles srasahan. But according Saharjo and Husaeni (1998), fires due to natural processes is very small and for the case of Kalimantan is less than 1%.
Large wildfires triggered also by the emergence of the El-Nino climate phenomenon such as fires that occurred in 1987, 1991, 1994 and 1997 (Ministry of Environment and UNDP, 1998). The development also shows the occurrence of fire expansion of the fire which spread not only in East Kalimantan, but in almost all provinces, and not only occur in forest areas but also in non-forest land.
The cause of forest fires is still a topic of debate, whether due to natural or due to human activities. However, based on some research results indicate that the main cause of forest fires is the human factor which originated from the activities or issues as follows:
Traditional farming systems of the local population on the move.
Clearing of forests by forest concession holders (HPH) for insdustri timber and oil palm plantations.
Structural causes, the combination of poverty, development policies and governance, giving rise to conflicts between customary law and positive law of nations.
[5] Shifting move is an attempt to traditional agriculture in forest areas where land clearing is always done by burning because it is fast, cheap and practical. However, land clearing for farming is generally very limited and controlled because it has followed the rules of heredity (Dove, 1988). Wildfire may occur due to farming activities only as kamuflasa of illegal loggers who use the road concessions and in the concession area.
Clearing of forests by concessionaires and plantation companies for the development of industrial crops and plantations generally cover a fairly wide area. Method of clearing land by clear-cutting and land clearing burning is an alternative to the most inexpensive, easy and fast. However, these methods often result in fires not only limited to the area prepared for the development of industrial crops or plantations, but extends into protected forests, production forests and other land.
While the structural causes, generally originated from a conflict between the owners of the timber industry and mining capital, with the natives who feel ownership of traditional (indigenous) their land, forests and lands controlled by the investors who were given approval by the positive law of nations. Consequently pique people acted with arson in order to maintain their existing land for generations. Here poverty and injustice be triggered forest fires and the people will not want to participate to extinguish it.
While illegal logging is a condition that is not foreign to mention the many people who live in areas near the mountains using forests for timber, but without asking permission first. [6] And the result of Deforestation, 2100 Fountain Drying
Scarcity of kerosene, which often plagued the population in various regions in Banyumas, Central Java, in recent years spurred concern the population re-use firewood cutting trees and perennials.
If that happens, damage to water sources (springs) will be faster. In Banyumas currently living springs 900, whereas in 2001 still recorded spring 3000.
Each year an average of about 300 spring water logging due to programmed death (production forests) and the felling of tree belonging to the people, but due to various pressures of life and developmental needs of the population, protection of water resources and forest tree or heavier.
On the other hand, residents in the land there are sources of water never receive compensation in exchange for agreeing not to chop down the tree.
Difficulty obtaining kerosene population impact on the increased use of firewood. Residents in rural areas far from the base kerosene choose to cut down trees for firewood.
1. 3 Discussion of problems
Recent years forest fires occur almost every year, particularly in the dry season. Large fires occurred in the East Kalimantan in 1982/83 and in 1997/98. In the year 1982/83 forest fires have burned about 3.5 million hectares in East Kalimantan and is a record for the world's largest forest fire after a forest fire in Brazil that reached 2 million hectares in 1963 (Soeriaatmadja, 1997).
Then the record was broken again by Indonesian forest fires in the year 1997/98 which had burned an area of 11.7 million hectares. Largest fires occurred in Kalimantan with a total of 8.13 million hectares of land burned, followed by Sumatra, West Papua, Sulawesi and Java respectively 2.07 million hectares, one million hectares, 400 thousand hectares and 100 thousand hectares (Tacconi, 2003).
Furthermore, Indonesia's forest fires continue to take place every year although the total area burned and the resulting losses are relatively small and generally not well documented. Data from Direktotar General Forest Protection and Conservation of Nature shows that the forest fires that occur each year from 1998 until 2002 was recorded ranged between 3 thousand hectares to 515 thousand hectares (Direktotar General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation, 2003).
1. 3. 1 Losses caused
[7] Forest fires in recent years become an international concern as an environmental and economic issues, especially after a major fire in various parts of the world in 1997/98 which destroyed an area of 25 million hectares. Fires in 1997/98 resulted in forest degradation and deforestation economic cost of approximately U.S. $ 1.6 to 2.7 billion and costs due to pollution haze around U.S. $ 674-799 million. The loss caused by forest fires is likely much larger because of the estimated economic impact for business activities in Indonesia are not available. Valuation costs associated with carbon emissions likely to reach U.S. $ 2.8 billion (Tacconi, 2003).
The results of recalculation of economic loss that collected Tacconi (2003), suggests that the Indonesian forest fires has caused losses of between U.S. $ 2.84 milayar up to U.S. $ 4.86 billion to cover losses and damages assessed by the money that is not valued in money. Loss includes damage associated with fire such as wood, dead trees, plantations, gardens, buildings, cost control and so forth as well as costs associated with smog such as health, tourism and transportation.
1. 3. 2 Impact of Forest Fires
[8] Forest fires are quite large as it did in the 1997/98 result in a very extensive material damage in addition to wood, non wood and animals. The negative impact of up to become a global issue is the smoke from the burning that has crossed national boundaries. Residue in addition to causing fog also pollute the air and increases greenhouse gases.
Thick smoke from forest fires have a negative impact because it can interfere with public health, especially respiratory disorders. Besides heavy smoke also disrupt transportation besides air transport, especially road transportation, rivers, lakes, and seas. At a fairly large forest fires many cases had to be delayed or canceled flights. While on land, river, lake and sea happened a few cases of collision or accident causing loss of lives and property.
Losses due to disruption of public health, delays or flight cancellations, and accidents on land transport, and in the water can not be calculated exactly, but certainly big enough burden on society and business actors. The impact of forest fires in the form of smoke Indonesia has crossed national borders, especially Singapore, Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia and Thailand.
Another effect is the destruction of forests after a fire and loss of wildlife. Severe forest fire will be difficult to be restored, because the soil structure is damaged. The loss of vegetation causes the open land, so easily eroded, and can no longer withstand flooding. So after forest fire, frequent floods in the rainy season in different regions of the forest on fire. Losses from flooding are also difficult to calculate.
Analysis of the impact of forest fires is still in early development stage, knowledge about the complex ecosystem that has not been well developed and the information in the form of a critical threshold of ecological changes associated with fire is very limited, so the impact of forest fires difficult to calculate precisely. Nevertheless, based on rough calculations described above can be concluded that forest fires pose a considerable impact for the surrounding community, even the impact to neighboring countries.
Since a fairly large forest fires that occurred in 1982/83 which was then followed by a series of forest fires the next few years as well as illegal logging in Indonesia is actually already implemented several measures, both are anticipatory (preventive) or handling.
Efforts to prevent forest fires done include:
(A) Strengthening institutions by forming the shape of Sub Directorate of Forest Fire and Non Pusdalkarhutnas structural form, Pusdalkarhutda and Satlak and fire brigades in each forest concessions and plantations;
(B) Completing the software in the form of guidance and technical guidance to prevent and control forest fires;
(C) Completing the hardware equipment in the form of prevention and extinguishing forest fires.
(D) Conduct fire control training for government officials, personnel and state-owned forestry enterprises and forest communities.
(E) Campaign and counseling through a variety of apples Standby control forest fires.
(F) Provision of supplies to entrepreneurs (HPH, HTI, plantations and Transmigration), Regional Office of MoF, and the ranks of local government by the Minister of Forestry and the Ministry of Environment.
(G) In any approval of the release of forest land for non-forestry development, forest clearance is always required without fuel.
Prevention efforts to prevent illegal logging include:
We are missing the forest rangers should be holding the guard to prevent theft.
Awarded to ban illegal loggers are not committing theft
Sanctions given that whoever took the forest on purpose.
Besides prevention, the government also nelakukan prevention through various activities such as:
(A) Empower the post-post are also guarding the forest fires at all levels, and conduct training on matters that must be done during idle I and II.
(B) The mobility of all resources (human, equipment & funding) at all levels, both in the ranks of the Department of Forestry and other agencies, and corporations.
(C) Improve coordination with related institutions at the central level through PUSDALKARHUTNAS and at the regional level through PUSDALKARHUTDA Tk I and SATLAK forest and land fires.
(D) Ask for foreign aid to fight fires, among others: Bomba troops from Malaysia to fires in Riau, Jambi, South Sumatra and West Kalimantan.
1. 3. 3 Increase Prevention and Control Efforts
Prevention and control efforts that have been done so far has yet to give optimal results and forest fires continue to occur in every dry season. This condition is caused by various factors, among others:
Poverty and injustice for the community or in the forest periphery.
Awareness of all walks of life against fire is still low
The ability of the government apparatus, especially for coordination, provide guidance for public awareness, and fire fighting efforts in the bush and forests are still low.
Efforts to both formal and informal education for forest fire prevention have been inadequate.
The identification of a spate of forest fires showed that the main cause of forest fires is the human factor and the factors that trigger the spread of the fire area is agricultural activity, the opening of the timber and plantation as well as customary law conflicts with state law, then to improve the effectiveness and optimization of activities to prevent and control forest fires need to remedy the problems associated with these factors.
On the other hand has not been effective management of fire caused by poverty and injustice, lack of public awareness, limited ability of the apparatus, and the lack of facilities for fire-fighting, then to optimize prevention and forest fire prevention in the future include:
a. Do coaching and counseling to improve the welfare of rural communities or in forests, as well as working to increase public awareness about the dangers of forest fires and shrubs.
b. Give the same respect for customary law as state law or amend state law by adopting the customary law.
c. Increased resource capacity through training of government officials as well as formal education. The opening of the forest fire prevention program of study is an alternative that could be offered.
d. Equip facilities for menanggulagi forest fires, both software and hardware.
e. Application of legal sanctions on perpetrators of violations in the field of environment, especially the trigger or direct cause of the fire.
1. 4 Goals discussion
From all what is written or what was discussed above that in creating a beautiful and sustainable forests, we as a nation, Indonesia must maintain and preserve our natural forests in order to remain well preserved, in order to avoid forest fires and logging, illegal logging.
If all that has been established in the government and not addressed properly implemented then the impact will occur in our successors nanti.telah explained that many of the negative impacts that occur when there is fire and deforestation, therefore we all have to prevent it from happening what we do not want in the years to mendatang.dan if all had happened then we rebuild what was destroyed in order to become beautiful again.
And purpose of all this is to remind everyone that the impact of fires and illegal logging will make our nature to be destroyed and much damage will occur as a result of our own actions, therefore we all must take good care of our forests so that remain well preserved.
1. 5 Methods of data collection
The contents of all of these were collected from several sources and penelitian.dan also what we get from several sources in discussing the re-re-searched and searched through the internet by asking the people who work in local forestry in order to avoid misunderstandings.
1. 6 Systematic presentation
In this paper presentation by gathering resources that have been got and write it back with good language and correct. And also add what is less obvious and less in the writing and less understood by those banyak.Penulisan this paper I wrote with my best effort and a lot of additional writing and language.
CHAPTER II
INDONESIA FOREST DAMAGE
Damage that occurs in the Indonesian jungle is a very tiddak fun event for Indonesian citizens because forests are natural resources that are invaluable for the biodiversity contained therein as a source of germplasm, the source of timber and non-timber, regulator of the water system, preventing flooding and erosion and soil fertility, protection of natural biodiversity for the benefit of science, culture, recreation, tourism and so on. Therefore use of forests and their protection have been stipulated in the Constitution 45, Law no. 5 of 1990, Act No. 23 of 1997, Law no. 41 in 1999, PP No. 28 year 1985 and some of the decisions of the Minister of Forestry and several decisions the Director General of PHPA and the Director General of Forest Utilization. However, disruption of forest resources continue even increasing in intensity.
Damage to forests include: fires and illegal logging is an example that is not good and all of these events must have no impact and its prevention but we also do not assume everything is just peristiw a mediocre because there needs to be learning and special training in order to direct practice and make our forests more womanly comfortable to be seen and visited by many people.
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
3. 1 Conclusion
In closing this paper can be put forward some of the following:
1. Forests are natural resources that is invaluable for the biodiversity contained therein as a source of germplasm, the source of timber and non-wood, regulatory water management, flood prevention and erosion and soil fertility, and so on. Therefore the use and protection governed by the laws and regulations.
2. Fires and illegal logging is one form of disturbance to forest resources and lately more and more frequent. Fires and deforestation caused huge losses and the impact is very wide, even across borders. On the other hand prevention and control efforts made during this still does not give optimal results. It is therefore necessary improvements thoroughly, especially those related to the welfare of rural communities or in forests.
3. Various improvement efforts that need to be done among others in the field of education to the community especially with regard to the factors that cause forest fires, increase the ability of government officer of the Department of Forestry, increased facilities and menanggulagi to prevent forest fires and illegal logging, legal reform and implementation expressly sanctions
4. Due to deforestation, 2100 springs to dry up and as a result of logging also resulted in damage to water sources (springs) will be faster.
3. 2 Suggestions
For the readers of this paper and also all the people that the forest is a source of life for humans if the forest is no more then human life will change and poverty will occur. Thus the forest preserve is not considered easy.
And for nature lovers, continue to safeguard the best and also increase vigilance against those who want to spoil, prevent possible damage to the forest of ours.
Bibliography
Danny, W., 2001. Ecological and Socio-Economic Interactions With Forest Fires in East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Paper Presented at Pusdiklat Forestry. Bogor. 33 p..
Direktotar General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation. 2003. According to Forest Fire Forest Function, Last Five Years. Direktotar General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation, Jakarta.
Dove, M.R., 1988. Shifting system in Indonesia. A case-study from West Kalimantan. Gadjah Mada University Press. Yogyakarta. P. 510.
Soemarsono, 1997. Land of fire, shrubs and forests in Indonesia (Causes, and Perspective Efforts Efforts in the Future). Proceedings of the Symposium: "Impact Of Forest Fires Natural Resources and Environment". December 16, 1997 in Yogyakarta. p. :1-14.
Soeriaatmadja, R.E. 1997. Impact of Forest Fire Response Resources And Environmental Management and Natural Resources To which. Proceedings of the Symposium: "Impact Of Forest Fires Natural Resources and Environment". December 16, 1997 in Yogyakarta. p.: 36-39.
Schweithelm, J. and D. Glover, 1999. Causes and Effects of Fire. The high price of A Disaster: Environmental Losses Due to Fire and smoke in Indonesia. Editor: D. Glover & T. Jessup
Saharjo and Husaeni, 1998. East Kalimantan Burns. Wildfire 7 (7) :19-21.
Tacconi, T., 2003. Forest fires in Indonesia, Causes, costs and policy implications. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia. 22 p.. http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/Publiction/occasional Paper No. 38 (i) / html
Source: Kompas,
[1] Danny, W., 2001. Interaction of Social Ecology and Economics, Bogor. 33 p..
[2] Direktotar General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation. 2003
[3] Soeriaatmadja, R.E. 1997. "Impact of Forest Fires". December 1997 in Yogyakarta. p.: 36-39.
[4] Schweithelm, j and D.glover, 1999
[5] Dove, M.R., 1988. Shifting system in Indonesia. Gadjah Mada University Press. Yogyakarta. 510 p.
[6] Sources: compass.
[7] Tacconi, T., 2003 Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia. 22 p..
[8] Soemarsono, 1997, Impact of Forest Fires, dated December 16, 1997 in Yogyakarta. p. :1-14.
Sabtu, 01 Oktober 2011
FOREST DEGRADATION
Indonesia's tropical rain forests is one of the most threatened forests on earth. According to Butler (2007), between the years 1990 to 2005, the country has lost more than 28 million hectares of forest, including 21.7 percent of virgin forest. Decrease in primary forests are biologically rich is the second under Brazil. The number of forests in Indonesia diminishing and many were destroyed due to human activities. Data in the 1960's, as much as 82% of the country of Indonesia is covered by rain forest, down to 68% in 1982, 53% in 1995, and 49% at this time. Generally, these forests could be categorized as forests that have been degraded.
Humans are the main cause of degradation of tropical rain forests. In Indonesia, human activities that damage forests include logging, mining in forest areas, agriculture, construction of roads, villages, and farms. Forests in Indonesia are currently in grave condition since lost more than two million hectares of forest area in each year. Damage mainly occurs in tropical rain forests on Borneo island.
Logging
Deforestation in Indonesia has introduced some of the most remote areas, and forbidden in the world in development. Logging carried out by reason of the need for building timber and firewood. Logging activities in Indonesia, conducted by the community and timber industry companies, both legally and illegally. The practice is very widespread deforestation occurred on the island of Borneo and Papua, where timber companies continue to enter further into the interior regions to find suitable trees. It has caused damage more severe in the rain forests in Indonesia. For example, in the mid-1990s about 7% of the mining permit located in Irian Jaya, but now more than 20 percent exist in the region (Butler, 2007).
Agriculture in the Rainforest
Every year, thousands of miles of rain forest is removed for agricultural uses. There are two two groups involved in converting rainforest into farmland of local people (farmers) and companies in the field of agriculture. According to Butler (2007), poor farmers use slash and burn to clear land in forest areas. Usually they bercocoktanam in the field of land had for several years until the soil leached of nutrients and after that they should move to a new land parcels in the woods and do the same thing again.
The condition is aggravated by the transmigration program to the location of tropical rain forests in recent decades. While many agricultural companies use the services of a local resident, was hired to open the forest by slash and burn. Then the land is used for crops like oil palm monocultures.
Mining Activities
Mining is one of the biggest causes of loss of tropical rain forests in Indonesia. It can be seen very clearly, especially the tropical rain forest in Borneo. Rain forest area was reduced in an extraordinary way by the activities of both legal and illegal mining. Borneo forest destruction has an impact on the mass erosion, siltation of rivers and led to catastrophic flooding. Many other mining activities in Indonesia have operations in the area of tropical rainforest protected, such as in Sumatra, Sulawesi and Papua. Everything contributed a great deal in the process of degradation of tropical rain forests, despite still being done purnatambang rehabilitation.
Road Construction In Rain Forest
Construction of roads and highways in the rain forest opens up many areas for development. In Indonesia, the opening road trans in Kalimantan, Sumatra, Sulawesi and Papua result of forest destruction in many areas. With the construction of roads, easier access by poor people and certain parties to conduct illegal forest exploitation. This is slowly allowing the formation of a new township-village community to the forest so that the greater the effect.
Animal In Rain Forest
Clean up the forest to graze cattle is the main cause of forest loss in the Amazon, and Brazil now produces more beef than ever before. In addition to farming for food, many landowners use their animals to expand their land. Only by putting their animals in an area of forest, land owners can obtain ownership of the land. For in Indonesia, the activity of farms in the tropical rain forests because of farms had no significant effect by the general population is still traditional.
Humans are the main cause of degradation of tropical rain forests. In Indonesia, human activities that damage forests include logging, mining in forest areas, agriculture, construction of roads, villages, and farms. Forests in Indonesia are currently in grave condition since lost more than two million hectares of forest area in each year. Damage mainly occurs in tropical rain forests on Borneo island.
Logging
Deforestation in Indonesia has introduced some of the most remote areas, and forbidden in the world in development. Logging carried out by reason of the need for building timber and firewood. Logging activities in Indonesia, conducted by the community and timber industry companies, both legally and illegally. The practice is very widespread deforestation occurred on the island of Borneo and Papua, where timber companies continue to enter further into the interior regions to find suitable trees. It has caused damage more severe in the rain forests in Indonesia. For example, in the mid-1990s about 7% of the mining permit located in Irian Jaya, but now more than 20 percent exist in the region (Butler, 2007).
Agriculture in the Rainforest
Every year, thousands of miles of rain forest is removed for agricultural uses. There are two two groups involved in converting rainforest into farmland of local people (farmers) and companies in the field of agriculture. According to Butler (2007), poor farmers use slash and burn to clear land in forest areas. Usually they bercocoktanam in the field of land had for several years until the soil leached of nutrients and after that they should move to a new land parcels in the woods and do the same thing again.
The condition is aggravated by the transmigration program to the location of tropical rain forests in recent decades. While many agricultural companies use the services of a local resident, was hired to open the forest by slash and burn. Then the land is used for crops like oil palm monocultures.
Mining Activities
Mining is one of the biggest causes of loss of tropical rain forests in Indonesia. It can be seen very clearly, especially the tropical rain forest in Borneo. Rain forest area was reduced in an extraordinary way by the activities of both legal and illegal mining. Borneo forest destruction has an impact on the mass erosion, siltation of rivers and led to catastrophic flooding. Many other mining activities in Indonesia have operations in the area of tropical rainforest protected, such as in Sumatra, Sulawesi and Papua. Everything contributed a great deal in the process of degradation of tropical rain forests, despite still being done purnatambang rehabilitation.
Road Construction In Rain Forest
Construction of roads and highways in the rain forest opens up many areas for development. In Indonesia, the opening road trans in Kalimantan, Sumatra, Sulawesi and Papua result of forest destruction in many areas. With the construction of roads, easier access by poor people and certain parties to conduct illegal forest exploitation. This is slowly allowing the formation of a new township-village community to the forest so that the greater the effect.
Animal In Rain Forest
Clean up the forest to graze cattle is the main cause of forest loss in the Amazon, and Brazil now produces more beef than ever before. In addition to farming for food, many landowners use their animals to expand their land. Only by putting their animals in an area of forest, land owners can obtain ownership of the land. For in Indonesia, the activity of farms in the tropical rain forests because of farms had no significant effect by the general population is still traditional.
Economic growth in Indonesia
ndonesia EconomyIndonesian From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaPending changes displayed on the page iniBelum ExaminedIndonesia EconomyRupiahFiscal year calendar yearTrade organizations APEC, ASEAN, WTOStatistics [1]GDP ranking 15thGDP $ 863.6 billion (2005)GDP growth of 4.8% (2004)GDP per capita $ 3200 (2004)GDP by sector agriculture (16.6%), industry (43.6%), services (39.9%) (2004)Inflation 6.6% (2004)Pop below poverty line 8.% (1998)Labor 105.7 million (2004)Labor based on production work 46%, agriculture 16%, services 39% (1999)Unemployment 8.7% (2004)Major industries of petroleum and natural gas; textiles, equipment, and footwear, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood; rubber; food; tourismInternational Trade [2]Exports $ 113.99 billion (2007)The main commodities of oil and gas, plywood, textiles, rubber22.3% Japan's trading partners, the United States 12.1%, Singapore 8.9%, South Korea 7.1%, China 6.2% (2003)Imports $ 74.40 billion (2007)The main commodities machinery and equipment; chemicals, fuel, foodJapan's trading partners 13%, Singapore 12.8%, China 9.1%, U.S. 8.3%, Thailand 5.2%, Australia 5.1%, South Korea 4.7%, Saudi Arabia 4.6% (2003)Public finance [3]Government debt is $ 454.3 billion (56.2% of GDP)Revenues $ 40.91 billion (2004)Spending $ 44.95 billion (2004)$ 43 billion economic aid from the IMF (1997-2000)Edit
Indonesia has a market-based economy where the government plays an important role. The Government has more than 164 state-owned enterprises and set prices for some essential goods, including fuel, rice, and electricity. After the Asian financial crisis that began in mid-1997, the government is keeping many servings of private sector assets through acquisition of bank loans and corporate assets do not go through the process of debt restructuring.Table of contents[Hide]
1 Background
2 Post-Suharto
2.1 Public Expenditure Review
3 See also
[Edit] Background
For over 30 years of the New Order government of President Suharto, Indonesia's economic growth of GDP per capita $ 70 to more than $ 1,000 in 1996. Through monetary and financial policy of strict, inflation was arrested about 5% -10%, the rupiah is stable and predictable, and the government implemented a system of balanced budgets. Much of the development budget is financed through foreign aid.
In the mid 1980s the government began to remove barriers to economic activity. This step is aimed primarily at the external and financial sectors and is designed to increase employment and growth in non-oil exports. Annual real GDP growth averaged nearly 7% from 1987-1997, and a lot of analysis recognizes Indonesia as a major industrial economy and growing markets.
High economic growth rate from 1987-1997 cover several structural weaknesses in the economy of Indonesia. Legal system is very weak, and there is no effective way to execute contracts, collecting debts, or sue for bankruptcy. Bank activity is very simple, with lending based on-"collateral" causing the expansion and regulatory violations, including borrowing limits. Non-tariff barriers, rental by state-owned enterprises, domestic subsidies, barriers to domestic trade and export barriers create economic disruptions entirely.
Southeast Asian financial crisis that hit Indonesia in late 1997 quickly turned into an economic and political crisis. Indonesia's first response to this problem is to raise domestic interest rates to control rising inflation and weakening of the rupiah, and tighten fiscal policy. In October 1997, Indonesia and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) reached agreement on an economic reform program aimed at stabilizing the macro economy and the elimination of some economic policies that assessed damage, among other National automotive program and monopolies, which involved members of the family of President Suharto. Ringgit is still not stable in the time period long enough, and eventually forced President Suharto resigned in May 1998.[Edit] Post-Suharto
In August 1998, Indonesia and the IMF approved a loan program under President BJ Habibie. President Gus Dur was elected president in October 1999 and then extend the program.
In 2010 Indonesia's economy is very stable and growing rapidly. GDP can be sure melebihin Rp 6300 trillion [1] increased by more than 100 times higher than GDP in 1980. After India and China, Indonesia is a country with the fastest growing economy among 20 countries members of the G20 world's largest industrial economies.
This is a table of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) Indonesia from year to year [2] by the IMF in a million dollars.Year GDP1980 60,143.1911985 112,969.7921990 233,013.2901995 502,249.5582000 1,389,769.7002005 2,678,664.0962010 6,422,918.230
[Edit] Public Expenditure Review
Since the Asian financial crisis in the late 1990s, which has a share of the fall of the Suharto regime in May 1998, Indonesia's public finances have undergone a major transformation. The financial crisis is causing enormous economic contraction and decline in public spending in line. Not surprisingly, debt and subsidies increased dramatically, while development spending was sharply reduced.
Today, a decade later, Indonesia has been out of the crisis and are in a situation where once again the country has sufficient financial resources to meet development needs. These changes occur because of macroeconomic policies to be careful, and most importantly a very low budget deficit. Also the way the government spends the funds have been transformed through "major changes" decentralization in 2001 that left more than a third of the overall government budget switched to the local government in 2006. Equally important, in 2005, international oil prices continue to rise causing Indonesia's domestic oil subsidies can not be controlled, threaten the macroeconomic stability that has been painstakingly achieved. Despite political risks that high oil prices will push the inflation rate becomes larger, the government took a bold decision to cut oil subsidies.
The decision was to give U.S. $ 10 billion [4] for the additional expenditures for development programs. Meanwhile, in 2006 an additional U.S. $ 5 billion [5] have been available thanks to a combination of increased revenues driven by steady economic growth and reduction in overall debt payments, the remainder of the economic crisis. This means that in 2006 the government has a U.S. $ 15 billion [6] extra to spend on development programs. This country has not experienced 'fiscal space' since such a large increase in revenues experienced during a spike in oil in the mid-1970s. However, the main difference is that a large increase in revenue from oil in the 1970s merely an unexpected financial fortune. In contrast, the current fiscal space achieved as a direct result of government policy decisions to be careful and precise.
However, while Indonesia has gained remarkable progress in providing financial resources in meeting development needs, and this situation is prepared to continue in the coming years, subsidies remain a major burden on government budgets. Although there is a reduction in subsidies in 2005, total subsidies still around U.S. $ 10 billion [7] of government spending in 2006 or 15 percent of the total budget.
Thanks to the Habibie government's decision (May 1998 - August 2001) to decentralize authority to local governments in 2001, a large part of the increased government spending channeled through local governments. The result of provincial and district governments in Indonesia now spend 37 percent [8] of the total public funds, which reflects the level of fiscal decentralization that is even higher than the OECD average.
With the level of decentralization in Indonesia at this time and fiscal space is now available, the Indonesian government has a unique opportunity to improve the neglected public services. If managed carefully, it allows the lagging regions in eastern Indonesia to pursue other areas in Indonesia are more advanced in terms of social indicators. It also allows the people of Indonesia for the focus to the next generation in making changes, such as improving the quality of public services and infrastructure provision as it targeted. Therefore, the proper allocation of public funds and the careful management of the funds allocated by the time they have become a major issue for future public spending in Indonesia.
For example, while the budget for education has reached 17.2 percent [9] of the total public expenditure, are allocated the highest compared to other sectors and take approximately 3.9 percent [10] of GDP in 2006, compared with only 2.0 percent of GDP in 2001 [11 ] - the opposite of total public health spending is still below 1.0 percent of GDP [12]. Meanwhile, public infrastructure investment is still not fully recovered from post-crisis lows, and still at 3.4 percent of GDP [13]. One other area of concern today is the level of expenditure for the administration of unusually high. Reach 15 percent in 2006 [14], showed a significant waste of public resources.
Indonesia has a market-based economy where the government plays an important role. The Government has more than 164 state-owned enterprises and set prices for some essential goods, including fuel, rice, and electricity. After the Asian financial crisis that began in mid-1997, the government is keeping many servings of private sector assets through acquisition of bank loans and corporate assets do not go through the process of debt restructuring.Table of contents[Hide]
1 Background
2 Post-Suharto
2.1 Public Expenditure Review
3 See also
[Edit] Background
For over 30 years of the New Order government of President Suharto, Indonesia's economic growth of GDP per capita $ 70 to more than $ 1,000 in 1996. Through monetary and financial policy of strict, inflation was arrested about 5% -10%, the rupiah is stable and predictable, and the government implemented a system of balanced budgets. Much of the development budget is financed through foreign aid.
In the mid 1980s the government began to remove barriers to economic activity. This step is aimed primarily at the external and financial sectors and is designed to increase employment and growth in non-oil exports. Annual real GDP growth averaged nearly 7% from 1987-1997, and a lot of analysis recognizes Indonesia as a major industrial economy and growing markets.
High economic growth rate from 1987-1997 cover several structural weaknesses in the economy of Indonesia. Legal system is very weak, and there is no effective way to execute contracts, collecting debts, or sue for bankruptcy. Bank activity is very simple, with lending based on-"collateral" causing the expansion and regulatory violations, including borrowing limits. Non-tariff barriers, rental by state-owned enterprises, domestic subsidies, barriers to domestic trade and export barriers create economic disruptions entirely.
Southeast Asian financial crisis that hit Indonesia in late 1997 quickly turned into an economic and political crisis. Indonesia's first response to this problem is to raise domestic interest rates to control rising inflation and weakening of the rupiah, and tighten fiscal policy. In October 1997, Indonesia and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) reached agreement on an economic reform program aimed at stabilizing the macro economy and the elimination of some economic policies that assessed damage, among other National automotive program and monopolies, which involved members of the family of President Suharto. Ringgit is still not stable in the time period long enough, and eventually forced President Suharto resigned in May 1998.[Edit] Post-Suharto
In August 1998, Indonesia and the IMF approved a loan program under President BJ Habibie. President Gus Dur was elected president in October 1999 and then extend the program.
In 2010 Indonesia's economy is very stable and growing rapidly. GDP can be sure melebihin Rp 6300 trillion [1] increased by more than 100 times higher than GDP in 1980. After India and China, Indonesia is a country with the fastest growing economy among 20 countries members of the G20 world's largest industrial economies.
This is a table of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) Indonesia from year to year [2] by the IMF in a million dollars.Year GDP1980 60,143.1911985 112,969.7921990 233,013.2901995 502,249.5582000 1,389,769.7002005 2,678,664.0962010 6,422,918.230
[Edit] Public Expenditure Review
Since the Asian financial crisis in the late 1990s, which has a share of the fall of the Suharto regime in May 1998, Indonesia's public finances have undergone a major transformation. The financial crisis is causing enormous economic contraction and decline in public spending in line. Not surprisingly, debt and subsidies increased dramatically, while development spending was sharply reduced.
Today, a decade later, Indonesia has been out of the crisis and are in a situation where once again the country has sufficient financial resources to meet development needs. These changes occur because of macroeconomic policies to be careful, and most importantly a very low budget deficit. Also the way the government spends the funds have been transformed through "major changes" decentralization in 2001 that left more than a third of the overall government budget switched to the local government in 2006. Equally important, in 2005, international oil prices continue to rise causing Indonesia's domestic oil subsidies can not be controlled, threaten the macroeconomic stability that has been painstakingly achieved. Despite political risks that high oil prices will push the inflation rate becomes larger, the government took a bold decision to cut oil subsidies.
The decision was to give U.S. $ 10 billion [4] for the additional expenditures for development programs. Meanwhile, in 2006 an additional U.S. $ 5 billion [5] have been available thanks to a combination of increased revenues driven by steady economic growth and reduction in overall debt payments, the remainder of the economic crisis. This means that in 2006 the government has a U.S. $ 15 billion [6] extra to spend on development programs. This country has not experienced 'fiscal space' since such a large increase in revenues experienced during a spike in oil in the mid-1970s. However, the main difference is that a large increase in revenue from oil in the 1970s merely an unexpected financial fortune. In contrast, the current fiscal space achieved as a direct result of government policy decisions to be careful and precise.
However, while Indonesia has gained remarkable progress in providing financial resources in meeting development needs, and this situation is prepared to continue in the coming years, subsidies remain a major burden on government budgets. Although there is a reduction in subsidies in 2005, total subsidies still around U.S. $ 10 billion [7] of government spending in 2006 or 15 percent of the total budget.
Thanks to the Habibie government's decision (May 1998 - August 2001) to decentralize authority to local governments in 2001, a large part of the increased government spending channeled through local governments. The result of provincial and district governments in Indonesia now spend 37 percent [8] of the total public funds, which reflects the level of fiscal decentralization that is even higher than the OECD average.
With the level of decentralization in Indonesia at this time and fiscal space is now available, the Indonesian government has a unique opportunity to improve the neglected public services. If managed carefully, it allows the lagging regions in eastern Indonesia to pursue other areas in Indonesia are more advanced in terms of social indicators. It also allows the people of Indonesia for the focus to the next generation in making changes, such as improving the quality of public services and infrastructure provision as it targeted. Therefore, the proper allocation of public funds and the careful management of the funds allocated by the time they have become a major issue for future public spending in Indonesia.
For example, while the budget for education has reached 17.2 percent [9] of the total public expenditure, are allocated the highest compared to other sectors and take approximately 3.9 percent [10] of GDP in 2006, compared with only 2.0 percent of GDP in 2001 [11 ] - the opposite of total public health spending is still below 1.0 percent of GDP [12]. Meanwhile, public infrastructure investment is still not fully recovered from post-crisis lows, and still at 3.4 percent of GDP [13]. One other area of concern today is the level of expenditure for the administration of unusually high. Reach 15 percent in 2006 [14], showed a significant waste of public resources.
Aceh earthquake
Aceh's 6.7 magnitude quake, the latest earthquake in Aceh and North Sumatra Shake - Previously there was an earthquake at 4.5 magnitude quake Tasikmalaya, Latest News and last night's earthquake Pangalengan earthquake measuring magnitude 6.7 rocked Aceh. The quake was also felt up to Medan, North Sumatra. Based on information from the website of the Meteorology and Geophysics (BMKG), the earthquake occurred at 00:55 GMT, Tuesday (06/09/2011). Coordinates of the earthquake was in LU 2.81 - 97.85 BT
Epicenter was 59 km north-east Singkilbaru-Aceh. Or 78 miles Southwest Kabanjahe, North Sumatra. The epicenter was at a depth of 78 km. BMKG earthquake record is not potentially cause a tsunami.
Information about this earthquake also delivered Fuad, a reader AFP. Medan residents felt shaking hard enough. "Medan was rocked by an earthquake at dawn," wrote New York Times Fuad via AFP. Aceh earthquake, aceh dempa 2011, aceh earthquake last night, aceh earthquake september 2011, september 06th date aceh earthquake, the earthquake on 06-09-2011. information so grief Aceh Earthquake 6.7 magnitude, the latest earthquake in Aceh and North Sumatra Shake
Epicenter was 59 km north-east Singkilbaru-Aceh. Or 78 miles Southwest Kabanjahe, North Sumatra. The epicenter was at a depth of 78 km. BMKG earthquake record is not potentially cause a tsunami.
Information about this earthquake also delivered Fuad, a reader AFP. Medan residents felt shaking hard enough. "Medan was rocked by an earthquake at dawn," wrote New York Times Fuad via AFP. Aceh earthquake, aceh dempa 2011, aceh earthquake last night, aceh earthquake september 2011, september 06th date aceh earthquake, the earthquake on 06-09-2011. information so grief Aceh Earthquake 6.7 magnitude, the latest earthquake in Aceh and North Sumatra Shake
flash Flood
MINAHASA SOUTHEAST-condition of residents in four villages in the district Posomaen, Southeast Minahasa, North Sulawesi hit by flash floods, very apprehensive. Due to the brunt of flash floods on Saturday last week, dozens of homes razed to the ground. Hundreds of other homes damaged and is still under water and mud.
Some residents in one of the worst affected village, the village of Makalu, on Wednesday (07/09/2011) this morning started cleaning the mud in their homes. Height of sludge reached 20 centimeters in the house.
Besides mud, floods also bring wood and garbage. Recorded in the village of Makalu at least 13 houses were swept away to the ground, 62 damaged, and 183 flooded. In the village of South Makalu, 17 houses washed away, 62 damaged, and 172 flooded.
One resident whose house collapsed, Marco Pondaag, said he did not get to save property because of floods come suddenly. Since the incident Marco and her husband immediately took refuge in emergency camps set up local governments.
This area is not the first time hit by flash floods. Each year the river that crosses the village of Makalu Posomaen often overflowed and caused casualties. But the flood of time is fairly powerful than before.
Governor of North Sulawesi, Sinyo Sarundajang Hary, expect floods caused by deforestation. But it was still investigating the exact cause of flash floods
Current provincial government has distributed food aid and cash of Rp 100 million to meet the needs of the refugees.
Some residents in one of the worst affected village, the village of Makalu, on Wednesday (07/09/2011) this morning started cleaning the mud in their homes. Height of sludge reached 20 centimeters in the house.
Besides mud, floods also bring wood and garbage. Recorded in the village of Makalu at least 13 houses were swept away to the ground, 62 damaged, and 183 flooded. In the village of South Makalu, 17 houses washed away, 62 damaged, and 172 flooded.
One resident whose house collapsed, Marco Pondaag, said he did not get to save property because of floods come suddenly. Since the incident Marco and her husband immediately took refuge in emergency camps set up local governments.
This area is not the first time hit by flash floods. Each year the river that crosses the village of Makalu Posomaen often overflowed and caused casualties. But the flood of time is fairly powerful than before.
Governor of North Sulawesi, Sinyo Sarundajang Hary, expect floods caused by deforestation. But it was still investigating the exact cause of flash floods
Current provincial government has distributed food aid and cash of Rp 100 million to meet the needs of the refugees.
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