Indonesian marine environment pollution level is still high, marked among others by the occurrence of eutrophication or increasing the amount of nutrients caused by pollutants. "Nutrition is excessive, generally come from industrial waste, domestic waste such as detergents, and agricultural activities in watersheds that enter the sea," said H. Soen `an Poernomo former CTF Kapusdatin
Pollution at sea can also be characterized by an increased growth of phytoplankton or algae are excessive and tend to rot quickly. Cases of pollution in the marine environment, the so-called red tide that, among other things, in estuaries, such as the Jakarta Bay in 1992, 1994, 1997, 2004, 2005, 2006.
In Ambon occurred in 1994 and 1997, in the waters of Cirebon-Indramayu in 2006 and 2007, the Bali Strait and estuaries in coastal waters east of Bali in 1994, 1998, 2003, 2007, and in East Nusa Tenggara in 1983, 1985, 1989.
Although often the case, an inventory of the occurrence of red tide in Indonesia until now still has not been recorded properly, including losses. "Maybe the lack of data collection is due to red tide occurrence is only a short time," he said.
Therefore, to overcome the red tide as a disaster, some government agencies and educational institutions have been doing research though still sporadic.
In general, economic losses as a result of this red tide, is a fisherman who catches plummeted, farmers failed to harvest the shrimp and milkfish, and less tourists because the beach to be dirty and smelly by the dead fish.
Effects of red tide is also shown decreased levels of oxygen and increased levels of toxins that cause the death of marine biota, water quality degradation, and of course disturb the stability of populations of marine organisms.
"As a result of ocean covered by algae at the time of abundance, then the sun it is difficult to take into the seabed and ultimately leads to reduced oxygen levels in the ocean," he said.
In addition, some algae also contain toxins or poisons that can cause fish kills and threaten human health and even cause death if consumed fish is dead. "Without the waste, as a natural phenomenon of increased growth of algae is actually very rare," he said.
While Slamet Daryoni of Walhi Jakarta said that heavy pollution, especially in the sea area near the mouth of the river and major cities. Apart from the pollution that comes from excessive industrial waste, marine pollution is also caused by the exploitation of oil and gas in the ocean. But most important is the result of government policy and even less attention to maritime affairs in Indonesia.
Furthermore Slamet Daryoni explained that on the other hand, the level of pollution in several cities including Jakarta was very apprehensive, for example, is as nothing to do with policies that do not favor the environment. In Jakarta Bay waters only, the condition has reached 62 weight defiled a message. Though this happened in Jakarta, the central government, the policy center. Moreover, when the government makes policy on this matter in 2007. Then on the river. Jakarta has three rivers. Pollution in the context of heavy impurity has now reached 94 percent.
Slamet Daryoni also explain the gas and oil exploration activities adjacent to the sea. Remaining disposal dumped in the ocean. For example we see again the case of Minahasa which resulted in residents experiencing tremendous pain caused by arsenic, mercury and other chemicals.
Minggu, 30 Oktober 2011
Declining Water Quality in Jakarta Drastically
AKARTA - In commemoration of World Water Day, Environment Minister Gusti M Hatta, sad with the quality of the day in various regions in Indonesia. One of them in Jakarta Provincial whose quality has dropped dramatically.
Decline in water quality in Jakarta because of the exploration and exploitation in the form of excessive soil water suction. As a result, ground water becomes less and entered the sea water.
Therefore, do not be surprised if, in Jakarta groundwater was brackish. "Whereas in Jakarta existing local regulations regarding the prohibition of soil water suction. This is due to oversight regulation is still low."
This was revealed by Gusti when inaugurated Instalisasi Wastewater Treatment in Prison In the Bay II A, Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan.
Another example, namely a very high level of pollution in the River Martapura, South Kalimantan. When she was little, the riverbed is still he could see with the naked eye.
Therefore he could bathe in the river. In fact, the water can be used to brush teeth. "But that story first. Now the river (Martapura) is different," said Gusti who is also Professor of the University of Gastric Mangkurat.
Considers the issue of water is very complex. Could be because nature can also be due to human activity. For example, human behavior in using water that is not wise. "That should be able to use a bucket, it turns out using three buckets," he said.
Therefore, need a comprehensive effort to cope with water availability. First, make savings. Second, planting trees in the upstream. The goal, when rain falls, the rain water can be absorbed and enter the soil.
"With all the rain water in the soil and water it in. it will happen naturally purification of the rivers are dirty," he explained.
Third, innovation is necessary for water management. For example, the creation of waste water treatment outcome hospitality industry. That way, the waste water does not pollute groundwater hotel nearby. Fourth, the Regional Water Company must make improvements or virgin pipes are leaking. "Regional Water Companies often leak, this affection. There should be an intensive examination."
Gusti M Hatta also said, on World Water Day 2011, carrying the theme "Water for Cities, Responding to the Urban Challenge". This theme is the theme of the day if translated in national water into "Urban Water and Challenges".
World Water Day or World Water Day and are often referred to as the World Day for Water is celebrated every March 22. World Water Day is a day of celebration is intended to draw public attention worldwide (international) the importance of water for life and to protect water resources management in a sustainable manner.
Decline in water quality in Jakarta because of the exploration and exploitation in the form of excessive soil water suction. As a result, ground water becomes less and entered the sea water.
Therefore, do not be surprised if, in Jakarta groundwater was brackish. "Whereas in Jakarta existing local regulations regarding the prohibition of soil water suction. This is due to oversight regulation is still low."
This was revealed by Gusti when inaugurated Instalisasi Wastewater Treatment in Prison In the Bay II A, Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan.
Another example, namely a very high level of pollution in the River Martapura, South Kalimantan. When she was little, the riverbed is still he could see with the naked eye.
Therefore he could bathe in the river. In fact, the water can be used to brush teeth. "But that story first. Now the river (Martapura) is different," said Gusti who is also Professor of the University of Gastric Mangkurat.
Considers the issue of water is very complex. Could be because nature can also be due to human activity. For example, human behavior in using water that is not wise. "That should be able to use a bucket, it turns out using three buckets," he said.
Therefore, need a comprehensive effort to cope with water availability. First, make savings. Second, planting trees in the upstream. The goal, when rain falls, the rain water can be absorbed and enter the soil.
"With all the rain water in the soil and water it in. it will happen naturally purification of the rivers are dirty," he explained.
Third, innovation is necessary for water management. For example, the creation of waste water treatment outcome hospitality industry. That way, the waste water does not pollute groundwater hotel nearby. Fourth, the Regional Water Company must make improvements or virgin pipes are leaking. "Regional Water Companies often leak, this affection. There should be an intensive examination."
Gusti M Hatta also said, on World Water Day 2011, carrying the theme "Water for Cities, Responding to the Urban Challenge". This theme is the theme of the day if translated in national water into "Urban Water and Challenges".
World Water Day or World Water Day and are often referred to as the World Day for Water is celebrated every March 22. World Water Day is a day of celebration is intended to draw public attention worldwide (international) the importance of water for life and to protect water resources management in a sustainable manner.
Engaging Communities in Disaster Damage to Coastal and Marine Environment
I. Damage to Coastal and Marine Environment
Today's environment and natural resources have become scarce due to excessive extraction rates of over-exploitation and lack of attention to aspects of sustainability. Although he can economically increase the sale value, but on the other hand also pose a threat of loss of ecological bias is much larger, such as loss of land, scarcity of clean water, flood, landslide, and so on.
Failure of natural resources and environmental management identified as a result of three basic failure of the component devices and management actors. The first result of the failure of the policy lag of policysebagai part of the failure of legal devices that can not internalize environmental problems that exist. Policy failures of the policy indicated lag occurs due to an error in justification of the policy makers in determining the policies with a variety of articles related to the existence of natural resources and environment. This means that, the policy making 'blunders' so that the environment is only a minor variable. In fact, today's international world always associate all economic activity with environmental issues, such as green product, sanitary safety, and so on. In addition, the process of creation and the determination of policies relating to the environment is done with minimal public participation and making the community as a major component of the target that must be protected. An interesting example is the policy of sea sand mining. On the one hand, the policy is designed to help create investment opportunities especially market is clear. But on the other hand have a significant impact and is very beneficial to the fishermen and fish farmers around the activity. Even indirectly can be felt by people in other areas. For instance occurred scour / abrasion, because the characteristics of coastal areas that are dynamic.
Both the failure of the lag of community as part of the local management of offender failure due to some limitations of the fundamental problems of society. The failure of community people lag occurs due to lack of people skills to be able to solve environmental problems unilaterally, in addition to lack of capacity and capability of communities to provide pressure to the parties concerned and shall manage and protect the environment. Powerlessness is further aggravated the "bargaining position" as the manager of the local community and utilizing natural resources and environment. For example, the failure of society to control pollution problems caused by lack of private public perdulinya to internalize the externalities of their business activities. Concrete example is the number of factories that dispose of waste that is not internalized into the watershed that will surely wasted out to sea or drain pipe leaks residue from oil extraction process is hidden, and so on.
Third the government's failure (lag of government) as part of a regional management actors failure caused by lack of government attention in response to environmental issues. The government's failure (lag of government) occurs due to a lack of concern for the government to seek alternative solutions to environmental problems faced by thoroughly involving all related components (stakeholders). In this case, the government often make prevention of environmental problems that exist in a partial and less coordinated. In effect, the creation of co-existence between the environmental variables that led to the harmony and continuity between the variables to be neglected. For example, making the solution retaining dikes abrasion conducted in some areas of the North Coast (Pantura) Java, in the short run may be able to cope with existing problems, but in the long term issues that may equal or greater may also be happening in the area because of the characteristics of coastal and marine areas that are dynamic.
Environmental Degradation II.Penanggulangan Community-Based Coastal and Marine
Mitigation of coastal and marine environmental degradation needs to be done carefully so that the purpose of the effort can be achieved. Given that the subjects and objects of this overcoming is closely related to the existence of coastal communities, where they also have a fairly high dependence on availability of resources in the vicinity, such as fish, shrimp, crab, mangrove wood, and so on, then overcoming environmental degradation of coastal and marine-based community becomes a wise choice to implement.
Overcoming environmental degradation of coastal and marine-based community is expected to be able to answer the problems that occur in a region based on the characteristics of natural resources and human resources in the region. In this case, a community has the right to be involved or even have direct authority to create a territory management plan tailored to the capacity and carrying capacity of regions to the various activities in the surrounding communities.
The pattern of management planning is often known as participatory management planning, where the pattern of bottom-up planning approaches that are synchronized with the pattern of the above planning approach be implemented in synergy. In this respect the principles of community empowerment become crucial thing that must be the basis of the implementation of a community-based management.
The general objective of overcoming damage to coastal and marine environment in this community-based borrowing definition COREMAP-LIPI (1997) which states a general purpose community-based management, COREMAP in this case taking the coral reef ecosystem as an object of management. Therefore, the purpose of overcoming damage to coastal and marine-based community in this regard is to empower communities to participate actively and directly involved in the response to damage the local environment to ensure and maintain the sustainability of resource use and the environment, which is expected also to ensure the development continuous in the region concerned.
The specific objective of damage prevention community-based marine coastal environment is also defined by borrowing purposes PBM programs developed COREMAP (1997). Specific objectives of environmental damage mitigation of coastal and marine-based community in this regard taken to (i) increase public awareness about the importance of tackling environmental degradation, (ii) improve the ability of communities to participate in the development of a prevention plan in an integrated manner the environmental damage that has been agreed upon; ( iii) assist local communities to choose and develop economic activities that are more environmentally friendly, and (iv) provide training on the system implementation and monitoring efforts to control environmental degradation of coastal and marine-based society.
Program objectives set forth COREMAP-LIPI (1997) assessed in line with the thinking McAllister (1999) is that in a participatory research for natural resource management activities and environments that are often focused on community-based development, transformation or strengthening of community institutions, so that the identification process of institutional existing local and analyze it to determine the extent to which these institutional efforts related to environmental and natural resource management.
Efforts to control environmental degradation of coastal and marine-based society should be done by borrowing the technical guidance of community-based management (PBM) filed COREMAP (1997).
(1) Preparation
In this preparation there are three key activities that must be implemented, namely (i) the dissemination plan of activities with local communities and existing institutions, (ii) the election / appointment of a motivator (key person) villages, and (iii) strengthening the existing working groups / formation of a new working group.
(2) Planning
In the planning efforts of these community-based marine pollution, there are seven characteristics that planning is perceived to be effective, namely (i) the planning process comes from within rather than starting from the outside, (ii) a participatory planning, including participation of local communities, (iii) oriented the action (action) based on the level of readiness, (iv) have a clear purpose and outcomes, (v) has a flexible framework for decision pengambalian, (vi) is integrated, and (vii) include processes for monitoring and evaluation.
(3) Preparation of Social
To get support and full participation in society, then society must be prepared socially in order to (i) express the aspirations and traditional knowledge and wisdom in dealing with local issues which are the rules that must be obeyed, (ii) to know the advantages and disadvantages will be obtained from any proposed intervention options are considered to function as an outlet to cope with environmental problems encountered, and (iii) participate in planning and implementing the plan.
(4) Public Awareness
In order to make people aware there are three key realization, namely (i) awareness about the ecological values of coastal and marine ecosystems and the benefits of prevention of environmental damage, (ii) awareness about conservation, and (iii) awareness about the economic sustainability if efforts to control environmental damage can implemented wisely and bijaksan
(5) Analysis of Needs
To conduct a needs analysis there are seven steps in its implementation, namely: (i) PRA by involving local communities, (ii) identification of situations encountered in the location of activities, (iii) analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, (iv) identification of problems that require follow-up, (v) identification of utilization of the desired needs in the future, (vi) identification of obstacles that may hinder the effective implementation of these plans, and (vii) identification of strategies needed to achieve the objective activity of .
(6) Basic Skills Training
Basic skills training needs to be done for the effectiveness of efforts to control environmental damage, namely (i) training on the planning of the damage control efforts, (ii) skills on the basics of organizational management, (iii) community participation in monitoring and supervision, (iv) basic training on observation of resources, (v) training of socio-economic monitoring and ecological conditions, and (vi) orientation of the supervision and implementation of the provisions relating to efforts to control environmental degradation and resource conservation.
(7) Preparation of Management Plan Coastal and Marine Environment Damage in Integrated and Sustainable
There are five steps to plan mitigation of coastal and marine environmental degradation in an integrated and sustainable development, namely: (i) review the issues, strategies and obstacles to be faced in the implementation of environmental damage control efforts, (ii) determine the goals and purposes of a prevention plan, (iii ) supported the implementation of mapping by the community, (iv) identify the activity causes environmental damage, and (v) involve communities in planning and in monitoring the implementation of the plan.
(8) Development of Social Facilities
There are two main activities in the development of social facilities, namely: (i) to estimate or analysis of the needs of the infrastructure needed in the response to environmental damage, mitigation planning and implementation of community-based prevention, and (ii) enhance the capabilities (skills) institution- village institutions responsible for implementing measures to rescue and mitigation of environmental damage and infrastructure development.
(9) Funding
Funding is an important part in the implementation process of environmental damage prevention efforts. Therefore, the role of government as service providers are expected to provide alternative financing as an initial fund planning and implementation of prevention efforts. However, the most important asset in this effort to continue the public awareness efforts of the local community self-generated funds.
Ninth process of implementation of marine pollution prevention efforts mentioned above are not absolute, but can be tailored to regional characteristics, resources and local communities, especially in the area where there has been a local institution that provides a positive role for resource management and economic development of the surrounding community.
Today's environment and natural resources have become scarce due to excessive extraction rates of over-exploitation and lack of attention to aspects of sustainability. Although he can economically increase the sale value, but on the other hand also pose a threat of loss of ecological bias is much larger, such as loss of land, scarcity of clean water, flood, landslide, and so on.
Failure of natural resources and environmental management identified as a result of three basic failure of the component devices and management actors. The first result of the failure of the policy lag of policysebagai part of the failure of legal devices that can not internalize environmental problems that exist. Policy failures of the policy indicated lag occurs due to an error in justification of the policy makers in determining the policies with a variety of articles related to the existence of natural resources and environment. This means that, the policy making 'blunders' so that the environment is only a minor variable. In fact, today's international world always associate all economic activity with environmental issues, such as green product, sanitary safety, and so on. In addition, the process of creation and the determination of policies relating to the environment is done with minimal public participation and making the community as a major component of the target that must be protected. An interesting example is the policy of sea sand mining. On the one hand, the policy is designed to help create investment opportunities especially market is clear. But on the other hand have a significant impact and is very beneficial to the fishermen and fish farmers around the activity. Even indirectly can be felt by people in other areas. For instance occurred scour / abrasion, because the characteristics of coastal areas that are dynamic.
Both the failure of the lag of community as part of the local management of offender failure due to some limitations of the fundamental problems of society. The failure of community people lag occurs due to lack of people skills to be able to solve environmental problems unilaterally, in addition to lack of capacity and capability of communities to provide pressure to the parties concerned and shall manage and protect the environment. Powerlessness is further aggravated the "bargaining position" as the manager of the local community and utilizing natural resources and environment. For example, the failure of society to control pollution problems caused by lack of private public perdulinya to internalize the externalities of their business activities. Concrete example is the number of factories that dispose of waste that is not internalized into the watershed that will surely wasted out to sea or drain pipe leaks residue from oil extraction process is hidden, and so on.
Third the government's failure (lag of government) as part of a regional management actors failure caused by lack of government attention in response to environmental issues. The government's failure (lag of government) occurs due to a lack of concern for the government to seek alternative solutions to environmental problems faced by thoroughly involving all related components (stakeholders). In this case, the government often make prevention of environmental problems that exist in a partial and less coordinated. In effect, the creation of co-existence between the environmental variables that led to the harmony and continuity between the variables to be neglected. For example, making the solution retaining dikes abrasion conducted in some areas of the North Coast (Pantura) Java, in the short run may be able to cope with existing problems, but in the long term issues that may equal or greater may also be happening in the area because of the characteristics of coastal and marine areas that are dynamic.
Environmental Degradation II.Penanggulangan Community-Based Coastal and Marine
Mitigation of coastal and marine environmental degradation needs to be done carefully so that the purpose of the effort can be achieved. Given that the subjects and objects of this overcoming is closely related to the existence of coastal communities, where they also have a fairly high dependence on availability of resources in the vicinity, such as fish, shrimp, crab, mangrove wood, and so on, then overcoming environmental degradation of coastal and marine-based community becomes a wise choice to implement.
Overcoming environmental degradation of coastal and marine-based community is expected to be able to answer the problems that occur in a region based on the characteristics of natural resources and human resources in the region. In this case, a community has the right to be involved or even have direct authority to create a territory management plan tailored to the capacity and carrying capacity of regions to the various activities in the surrounding communities.
The pattern of management planning is often known as participatory management planning, where the pattern of bottom-up planning approaches that are synchronized with the pattern of the above planning approach be implemented in synergy. In this respect the principles of community empowerment become crucial thing that must be the basis of the implementation of a community-based management.
The general objective of overcoming damage to coastal and marine environment in this community-based borrowing definition COREMAP-LIPI (1997) which states a general purpose community-based management, COREMAP in this case taking the coral reef ecosystem as an object of management. Therefore, the purpose of overcoming damage to coastal and marine-based community in this regard is to empower communities to participate actively and directly involved in the response to damage the local environment to ensure and maintain the sustainability of resource use and the environment, which is expected also to ensure the development continuous in the region concerned.
The specific objective of damage prevention community-based marine coastal environment is also defined by borrowing purposes PBM programs developed COREMAP (1997). Specific objectives of environmental damage mitigation of coastal and marine-based community in this regard taken to (i) increase public awareness about the importance of tackling environmental degradation, (ii) improve the ability of communities to participate in the development of a prevention plan in an integrated manner the environmental damage that has been agreed upon; ( iii) assist local communities to choose and develop economic activities that are more environmentally friendly, and (iv) provide training on the system implementation and monitoring efforts to control environmental degradation of coastal and marine-based society.
Program objectives set forth COREMAP-LIPI (1997) assessed in line with the thinking McAllister (1999) is that in a participatory research for natural resource management activities and environments that are often focused on community-based development, transformation or strengthening of community institutions, so that the identification process of institutional existing local and analyze it to determine the extent to which these institutional efforts related to environmental and natural resource management.
Efforts to control environmental degradation of coastal and marine-based society should be done by borrowing the technical guidance of community-based management (PBM) filed COREMAP (1997).
(1) Preparation
In this preparation there are three key activities that must be implemented, namely (i) the dissemination plan of activities with local communities and existing institutions, (ii) the election / appointment of a motivator (key person) villages, and (iii) strengthening the existing working groups / formation of a new working group.
(2) Planning
In the planning efforts of these community-based marine pollution, there are seven characteristics that planning is perceived to be effective, namely (i) the planning process comes from within rather than starting from the outside, (ii) a participatory planning, including participation of local communities, (iii) oriented the action (action) based on the level of readiness, (iv) have a clear purpose and outcomes, (v) has a flexible framework for decision pengambalian, (vi) is integrated, and (vii) include processes for monitoring and evaluation.
(3) Preparation of Social
To get support and full participation in society, then society must be prepared socially in order to (i) express the aspirations and traditional knowledge and wisdom in dealing with local issues which are the rules that must be obeyed, (ii) to know the advantages and disadvantages will be obtained from any proposed intervention options are considered to function as an outlet to cope with environmental problems encountered, and (iii) participate in planning and implementing the plan.
(4) Public Awareness
In order to make people aware there are three key realization, namely (i) awareness about the ecological values of coastal and marine ecosystems and the benefits of prevention of environmental damage, (ii) awareness about conservation, and (iii) awareness about the economic sustainability if efforts to control environmental damage can implemented wisely and bijaksan
(5) Analysis of Needs
To conduct a needs analysis there are seven steps in its implementation, namely: (i) PRA by involving local communities, (ii) identification of situations encountered in the location of activities, (iii) analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, (iv) identification of problems that require follow-up, (v) identification of utilization of the desired needs in the future, (vi) identification of obstacles that may hinder the effective implementation of these plans, and (vii) identification of strategies needed to achieve the objective activity of .
(6) Basic Skills Training
Basic skills training needs to be done for the effectiveness of efforts to control environmental damage, namely (i) training on the planning of the damage control efforts, (ii) skills on the basics of organizational management, (iii) community participation in monitoring and supervision, (iv) basic training on observation of resources, (v) training of socio-economic monitoring and ecological conditions, and (vi) orientation of the supervision and implementation of the provisions relating to efforts to control environmental degradation and resource conservation.
(7) Preparation of Management Plan Coastal and Marine Environment Damage in Integrated and Sustainable
There are five steps to plan mitigation of coastal and marine environmental degradation in an integrated and sustainable development, namely: (i) review the issues, strategies and obstacles to be faced in the implementation of environmental damage control efforts, (ii) determine the goals and purposes of a prevention plan, (iii ) supported the implementation of mapping by the community, (iv) identify the activity causes environmental damage, and (v) involve communities in planning and in monitoring the implementation of the plan.
(8) Development of Social Facilities
There are two main activities in the development of social facilities, namely: (i) to estimate or analysis of the needs of the infrastructure needed in the response to environmental damage, mitigation planning and implementation of community-based prevention, and (ii) enhance the capabilities (skills) institution- village institutions responsible for implementing measures to rescue and mitigation of environmental damage and infrastructure development.
(9) Funding
Funding is an important part in the implementation process of environmental damage prevention efforts. Therefore, the role of government as service providers are expected to provide alternative financing as an initial fund planning and implementation of prevention efforts. However, the most important asset in this effort to continue the public awareness efforts of the local community self-generated funds.
Ninth process of implementation of marine pollution prevention efforts mentioned above are not absolute, but can be tailored to regional characteristics, resources and local communities, especially in the area where there has been a local institution that provides a positive role for resource management and economic development of the surrounding community.
Kamis, 06 Oktober 2011
DAMAGE TO SOUTH POLE
pparently Damage Ozone Layer at South Pole 27 km square.It turned out that damage the ozone layer at the South Pole reached an area of 27 million square kilometers. That breadth is greater than the breadth of North America about 25 million square kilometers."This
happens because a lot of human behavior that unwittingly cause damage
to the ozone," said Head of Atmospheric Science and Technology Institute
of Aeronautics and Space Agency (LAPAN), Novita Ambarsari, told
reporters on the sidelines of the Ozone Layer Protection Socialization
in the Armed Pusdik , Cimahi City, Monday (4 / 7).
South Polar ozone hole is not in the sense that the actual hole in the ozone layer. However, said Novita, the ozone hole is a thinning of the ozone layer with a lower concentration of 220 DU. This value is based on observations of ozone at the South Pole that has never been higher than 220 DU since 1979.
Meanwhile, based on data of total ozone measurements Nimbus satellite in June 2009, there are trends of decrease in total ozone concentrations in Indonesia amounting to 0.29 DU / year. Chemicals damaging the ozone layer is primarily derived from the type of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) used in various processes of products such as refrigerators, air coolers, and soft foam manufacturing processes as cleaning fluid."Materials ozone depleting substances are widely used in industrial fire extinguishers and Methyl Bromide used for pesticide ingredients," said Novita. "The use of these materials increased rapidly since the 1970s that led to abortion in the atmosphere also increases."
He said how to resolve this problem by altering human behavior. Communities should be made aware that human beings should live longer with a comfortable and safe atmosphere. Education can be delivered in the form of stories and real evidence that people moved to live with a better way.
"A lot of people's habits is never an accordance with the pattern back to nature such as turn on the TV without anyone watching it. In fact, the energy derived from solar litrik. Meanwhile, diesel fuel can not be updated and burns itself causes damage to the ozone layer, "he said.
South Polar ozone hole is not in the sense that the actual hole in the ozone layer. However, said Novita, the ozone hole is a thinning of the ozone layer with a lower concentration of 220 DU. This value is based on observations of ozone at the South Pole that has never been higher than 220 DU since 1979.
Meanwhile, based on data of total ozone measurements Nimbus satellite in June 2009, there are trends of decrease in total ozone concentrations in Indonesia amounting to 0.29 DU / year. Chemicals damaging the ozone layer is primarily derived from the type of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) used in various processes of products such as refrigerators, air coolers, and soft foam manufacturing processes as cleaning fluid."Materials ozone depleting substances are widely used in industrial fire extinguishers and Methyl Bromide used for pesticide ingredients," said Novita. "The use of these materials increased rapidly since the 1970s that led to abortion in the atmosphere also increases."
He said how to resolve this problem by altering human behavior. Communities should be made aware that human beings should live longer with a comfortable and safe atmosphere. Education can be delivered in the form of stories and real evidence that people moved to live with a better way.
"A lot of people's habits is never an accordance with the pattern back to nature such as turn on the TV without anyone watching it. In fact, the energy derived from solar litrik. Meanwhile, diesel fuel can not be updated and burns itself causes damage to the ozone layer, "he said.
TROPICAL FOREST DAMAGE
URGENCY OF FOREST TROPISEkologi is the study of the interrelationships between living things with linkungannya. Based on the environment or habitat, ecology distinguished marine ecology, freshwater, terrestrial and estuarine. While based on differentiated taxonomy of plants, vertebrates, insects, microbes and more.Forest is one form of land use laim found in tropical, subtropical, the lowlands and mountains, even in dry areas though. Understanding
the forest here is a community of plants and animals that live in soil
surface layer as well, which lies in an area and establish a unified
ecosystem that is in dynamic equilibrium.Understanding the above forest is closely related to the processes that are interconnected as follows:Hydrological,
meaning that the forest is a storehouse of water and absorb the rain
water or dew that will eventually running it into the rivers that have
springs in the middle of the forest on a regular basis according to the
rhythm of nature. Forests also serve to protect the soil from erosion and recycling element haranya. Climate,
meaning that the natural ecosystem components consisting of the
elements of rain (water, sunlight and temperature), wind and humidity
greatly affect the life that exists in the earth's surface, especially
the macro and micro climate. Soil fertility, meaning that forest land is the main humus formation and storage of mineral elements for plants. Genetic diversity, which means that the forest has a wealth of flora and fauna species berbaai. Natural resources, forest means able to contribute substantial natural resources for foreign exchange, especially in industry. Areas
of nature tourism, which means that the forest is able to function as a
source of inspiration, the glory of God the Almighty, the value of
aesthetics, ethics and so on.2.FUNGSI FORESTAt that time only functions in providing forest wood as fuel and construction lumber and mining houses. Once
into the industrial age, the forest began to work as a producer of raw
material needs, such as paper, plywood, rail pads, clothing from rayon
and others. Even now become increasingly widespread forest functions:Protected forests, which conserve soil and water management areas. Nature
reserves, which preserve rare plant and animal life, as well as for the
development of science, the interests of culture, aesthetics, and
recreation. Production forests, which produce timber and non timber, such as the timber industry are tanned and drugs.Overall, the destruction of forests due to logging (deforestation) according to expert analysis, are:Extinct society and culture that forest-dependent manner. This coincided with the extinction of their knowledge. The increase in critical land and desertification in the dry tropics region. The decline in regional rainfall, which aggravate desertification. Rising global temperatures as a result of rising levels of atmospheric carbon that causes elevated sea levels. Extinction
of a large number of species of plants and animals, including loss of
wildlife species as well as food and medicinal plants that have
significant potential. Decline in bird populations of the temperate regions migrate to the tropics. Increased opening and soil erosion. The loss of potential hydroelectric power. The decline of rural poverty cycle3.KERUSAKAN FOREST areaThe whole area, both the provincial and district levels in Indonesia have an average forest conditions that have been damaged. Banten
Province has large tropical forests, but along with the increase in
population quality and quantity of forests continue to decline. Of
the approximately 250 thousand hectares of forests in Banten, 90
thousand hectares or 36 percent of them in conditions of severely
damagedPressure on forest ecosystems in northern Banten much larger than the south. This
is because the population of the northern section offerings more
offerings than the south, but the destruction of southern dbagian also
very severe.A. Excessive ExploitationExploitation
was not only occurs in mountain forests, but also in other forest
areas, such as the forest around the river basin (DAS) Lake Ci, Ci
Beureum, Simeut Ci, Ci Edge, Baliung Ci, Ci Banten, Bogor Ci, Ci Durian, Ci Manceuri and Cisadane. Similarly,
in coastal forests, both west coast, south coast and north coast, even
in Ujung Kulon National Park, District Wells Pandeglang also occur,
destruction and looting of forests.Keruskan forests also occur in the area of nature reserve Rawa Dano, District Mancak Serang District. As
a result of population pressure, encroachment and illegal land
management in nature reserves covering an area of 2500 hectares was
very influential on environmental degradation, among others, by
melorotnya water discharge of 2,000 liters per second to only 200 liters
per secondB. Multifunctional forestForests
have multiple functions, ranging from the function of climatological,
hydrological, sociological, biological, and economical. Forest
climatological functions closely associated with climate elements such
as rain, temperature, humidity, wind and sunlight. Entire forests in Banten act as 'lung' entire ecosystem in Banten Province.The
symptoms of ecosystems 'sick', among others, income and expenditure
(cycle) water control, increased temperature and humidity, sunlight and
wind to be underutilized and not directional.C. Need to revitalizationConditions
and the various functions of forests in Banten Province needs to be
revitalized, as well as policies and strategies in forest management
need to be repaired. Efforts
must be pursued Local Governments (LGs) and community, among others
through the application of silvicultural techniques (improving the
quality of stands), the management aspects of ecology (biodiversity),
soil and water conservation, forest fire prevention, and research and
development (R & D) forestry.
THREATS DUE TO DAMAGE CORAL REEFS
Remember seafood? ... That is highly nutritious food because amino acids of fish in the sea is very rich in variations. But
are you aware that the habitat where fish live is threatened eviction
due to coral reefs, fish houses are also traded, while the coral growth
process takes hundreds of years!
Decision may lead to the destruction of coral reef coral will certainly also disrupt fish populations that live in coral reef ecosystems. Coral reefs are unique ecosystems and found in the tropics. This ecosystem has a very high organic productivity and gathering place for various types of reef fish, shrimp, algae, sea cucumbers, coral, pearls and so on.
Currently in Indonesia stated there are 13 genera (20 species) Sea biota are protected. One cause of the scarcity of coral reefs and marine life include overexploitation, pollution of marine waters by waste oil, trade and the destruction of coral reefs by actors who want to catch fish easily by way of bombing or poison the fish with cyanide.
Coral reefs in addition to functioning as a place to fish the productive life is also important for protecting the physical integrity of the beach. If coral reefs damaged, the result will be a torus eroded beach by the waves hit, even a small coral islands could disappear like a drowning that occurred on the island of tubers in Jakarta Bay.
There are two types of corals that need to be known, namely corals (stony corals) the skeleton forming material limestone exterior and soft corals (soft corals that have a skeleton made of horn substance. Biota or animals are the main reef-forming corals. Animals called coral polyps themselves .
In general, corals live in colonies consisting of thousands of polyps. Coral stone is taken for the purposes of building materials, road construction and other industrial uses. Coral stone dead if it will dry white and is now used for industrial lime, tiles and cement.
Biota-reef biota have a diversity of colors and shapes vary macarn. There is a dark, black, red, blue, yellow, orange, green, brown and other colors. Biota of coral reefs has become the target collection for commercial purposes for example, the manufacture of marine aquarium.
Coral reef ecosystems have a high aesthetic value in nature. Beautiful coral is used as a natural tourist attraction (ekohnisme) nautical stunning, colorful coral strange shaped like an inanimate object, but actually meraka are living creatures who actively search for prey.
The beauty of coral reefs can be seen from the surface of a calm sea at Marine Park in the Thousand Islands area of Jakarta, Bunaken Marine Park in North Sulawesi Sea or Garden of Paradise in Irian Jaya. Watching the reefs that you can swim float on the sea surface using a snorkel and mask.
Trade is one of the destruction of coral reef ecosystems.
Trade coral reefs are not only regional sector melibatkon (a country) but now it has become menginternasional. Developing countries, especially those that require an increase in foreign exchange on Monmigas sector ', bahliari have done the export of coral reefs on a large scale.
Indonesia, Malaysia, Taiwan, Fiji, and India has recorded each exporting more than 50 tons of raw rock to America. In the mid-1970s the Philippines has been exporting recorded more than 1980 tons of raw coral. This number decreased in early 1977 because of the freezing trade in the Philippines. After 1986, after re-freezing thawed, the Philippines was exporting 689 tons of crude to the U.S. reefs.
So far, the largest importer is the U.S. with the amount of 1400 tons in 1986. Export of raw coral Indonesia itself to the U.S., based on existing records in 1988, reaching nearly 400 tons.
In addition to raw rock, some types of processed commodities derived from coral reefs are a crafts and jewelry. Some species are listed as an important type of trade is the "nobel coral" or Coralium rubrum, C. japonicum, C. elatiou, and C konojoi.
The craftsmen who traded exports are European countries, especially Italy's special craft made of the kinds of coral as a commodity and decoration of the famous, such as vases of flowers, the size and shape of other crafts.
In Asia and the Middle East, the root bahar (Anihipates spp) have traditionally been traded in the form of amulets or beads that is believed to prevent diseases and evil spirits pcngaruh. Currently there are 150 kinds of roots bahar currently included in CITES appendix II listing.
Form of bracelets, earrings, craft items and a variety of forms that is processed from the root Bahar is the most frequently traded for tourists in Southeast Asia and the Pacific.
For that we need strict controls to prevent destructive exploitation. Coral reef ecosystem is very important to support fish farming, seaweed, pearl oysters, and the stability of the ecosystem to the physical condition of marine waters has not changed.
In Indonesia, efforts supervise and control the wealth of the sea, of course not easy, because about 62 percent (3.1 million sq km) area of Indonesia is the sea. For that, one way to effectively conserve and manage our marine resources is by way of utilization based on sustainable development.
Decision may lead to the destruction of coral reef coral will certainly also disrupt fish populations that live in coral reef ecosystems. Coral reefs are unique ecosystems and found in the tropics. This ecosystem has a very high organic productivity and gathering place for various types of reef fish, shrimp, algae, sea cucumbers, coral, pearls and so on.
Currently in Indonesia stated there are 13 genera (20 species) Sea biota are protected. One cause of the scarcity of coral reefs and marine life include overexploitation, pollution of marine waters by waste oil, trade and the destruction of coral reefs by actors who want to catch fish easily by way of bombing or poison the fish with cyanide.
Coral reefs in addition to functioning as a place to fish the productive life is also important for protecting the physical integrity of the beach. If coral reefs damaged, the result will be a torus eroded beach by the waves hit, even a small coral islands could disappear like a drowning that occurred on the island of tubers in Jakarta Bay.
There are two types of corals that need to be known, namely corals (stony corals) the skeleton forming material limestone exterior and soft corals (soft corals that have a skeleton made of horn substance. Biota or animals are the main reef-forming corals. Animals called coral polyps themselves .
In general, corals live in colonies consisting of thousands of polyps. Coral stone is taken for the purposes of building materials, road construction and other industrial uses. Coral stone dead if it will dry white and is now used for industrial lime, tiles and cement.
Biota-reef biota have a diversity of colors and shapes vary macarn. There is a dark, black, red, blue, yellow, orange, green, brown and other colors. Biota of coral reefs has become the target collection for commercial purposes for example, the manufacture of marine aquarium.
Coral reef ecosystems have a high aesthetic value in nature. Beautiful coral is used as a natural tourist attraction (ekohnisme) nautical stunning, colorful coral strange shaped like an inanimate object, but actually meraka are living creatures who actively search for prey.
The beauty of coral reefs can be seen from the surface of a calm sea at Marine Park in the Thousand Islands area of Jakarta, Bunaken Marine Park in North Sulawesi Sea or Garden of Paradise in Irian Jaya. Watching the reefs that you can swim float on the sea surface using a snorkel and mask.
Trade is one of the destruction of coral reef ecosystems.
Trade coral reefs are not only regional sector melibatkon (a country) but now it has become menginternasional. Developing countries, especially those that require an increase in foreign exchange on Monmigas sector ', bahliari have done the export of coral reefs on a large scale.
Indonesia, Malaysia, Taiwan, Fiji, and India has recorded each exporting more than 50 tons of raw rock to America. In the mid-1970s the Philippines has been exporting recorded more than 1980 tons of raw coral. This number decreased in early 1977 because of the freezing trade in the Philippines. After 1986, after re-freezing thawed, the Philippines was exporting 689 tons of crude to the U.S. reefs.
So far, the largest importer is the U.S. with the amount of 1400 tons in 1986. Export of raw coral Indonesia itself to the U.S., based on existing records in 1988, reaching nearly 400 tons.
In addition to raw rock, some types of processed commodities derived from coral reefs are a crafts and jewelry. Some species are listed as an important type of trade is the "nobel coral" or Coralium rubrum, C. japonicum, C. elatiou, and C konojoi.
The craftsmen who traded exports are European countries, especially Italy's special craft made of the kinds of coral as a commodity and decoration of the famous, such as vases of flowers, the size and shape of other crafts.
In Asia and the Middle East, the root bahar (Anihipates spp) have traditionally been traded in the form of amulets or beads that is believed to prevent diseases and evil spirits pcngaruh. Currently there are 150 kinds of roots bahar currently included in CITES appendix II listing.
Form of bracelets, earrings, craft items and a variety of forms that is processed from the root Bahar is the most frequently traded for tourists in Southeast Asia and the Pacific.
For that we need strict controls to prevent destructive exploitation. Coral reef ecosystem is very important to support fish farming, seaweed, pearl oysters, and the stability of the ecosystem to the physical condition of marine waters has not changed.
In Indonesia, efforts supervise and control the wealth of the sea, of course not easy, because about 62 percent (3.1 million sq km) area of Indonesia is the sea. For that, one way to effectively conserve and manage our marine resources is by way of utilization based on sustainable development.
MEXICO BAY POLLUTION
United States President Barack Obama canceled the visit to Indonesia and Australia in mid-June. Oil
spills from wells in the Deepwater Horizon refinery off the coast of
Louisiana, the Gulf of Mexico, U.S., have drawn attention, interfere
with concentration at work, even its performance.Oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico is increasingly out of control and includes the worst environmental disasters in U.S. history. Disaster
once dubbed "the worst" in the U.S., the Exxon Valdez tanker spill off
the coast of Alaska in 1989, exceeded by events in the Gulf of Mexico.Deepwater Horizon oil refinery located about 80 kilometers inland from the lips of the State of Louisiana. Refining business was owned by Transocean Ltd., but operated by British Petroleum (BP) Plc. Leaking
wells are wells MC252 with a leak point is located at the mouth of the
well, ie at a depth of 1.5 kilometers below sea level.Since
such a leak on April 20, fire and collapse of the bridge on 22 April,
so far the oil is ejected into the open seas reached 19.7 million
gallons (one gallon is almost 4 liters) by more than 43 million gallons.
In fact, last week, the U.S. release, a new range of oil spilled 18.6 million gallons to 29.5 million gallons. Exxon Valdez spill was only 11 million gallons.Impact of the Gulf of Mexico oil spill worse. Louisiana
federal government has closed a third of potential sea areas for
fishing, and marine fisheries, and tourism is not only related to the
tour, but also a restaurant and cottages. Area covered it produces 1 billion pounds of shrimp and mussels.Oil also has polluted the land and the swamps of Louisiana. More than 200 kilometers of coastline polluted by weight. Hundreds of birds, marine life, and marsh animals dead, dying and threatened thousands more. Damaged coastal vegetation. The
issue that gave birth to social frustration among residents, fishermen,
entrepreneurs, activists, government, and the operator.The
issue is more disturbing is that Obama has not been a successful effort
on the part of oil refinery operator, BP Plc, reducing the disaster. Although
BP has deployed more than 2,000 workers and 1,600 boats controllers, be
it a skimmer, tugs, and barges, with thousands of workers, oil spills
remain uncontrolled.Conventional measuresConventional
measures ever attempted to control oil spills, such as pouring a liquid
chemical (dispersant) to parse the oil bubble, also failed. Many people criticize him for that scenario is not environmentally friendly. Some field officers BP due to the fluid being treated.A
number of new scenarios that have never done before BP or any other
operator tried to suppress the leakage and the rate of oil spills. For
example, create a giant dome of concrete weighing 100 tons in coastal
Louisiana, and transported, and thick mud spraying failed.Finally,
workers inject the drilling mud mixed with cement through the pipe to
dive into deep wells of up to 1.6 kilometers above sea level or more
within 1.1 kilometers from the point of leakage. This scenario is called top kill. Hopes that the wells could be closed permanently failed again last weekend.Since the beginning of this week, new scenarios were tested again. BP promised, the new results appear in August 2010. Three months is a long time, which made landfall in coastal waters and the southern United States could have been worse. Obama is not quiet anymore because this week the pace of pollution has touched Mississippi and Alabama.Pressure
on Obama even louder, not only from environmentalists and residents,
but more particularly from the parliament or congress. U.S. Congressman Ed Markey, BP could not believe it managed to reduce the disastrous Gulf of Mexico. "I do not believe the BP can solve this problem," he said.Political impactThis week Obama has taken over the environmental disaster in the Gulf of Mexico. However, fixed operational costs borne by operators and not the state. Some members of the U.S. Congress to assess Obama's late act. Obama asked to respond to social frustration and review the permit drilling off the U.S. coast.To
demonstrate the readiness of the problem that Obama delayed his trip to
the Asia Pacific region, including Indonesia, in mid-June. For
Obama, oil spill disaster is very problematic, namely the "cure" a
frustrated social, parliamentary and congressional pressure, the energy
crisis, as well as the disruption of global relations.Widespread social frustration in the bay area is very dangerous for new investments in the energy sector. He
was forced to announce new measures to deal with oil spills, including
the continued moratorium on drilling permit for 6 months and suspend
offshore drilling in Alaska and Virginia.Obama also forced to stop new oil drilling 33 wells in the Gulf of Mexico. This is where the threat point to the possibility of oil and gas supply crisis for U.S. domestic needs. BP shares on the London stock market slumped and the 12-15 percent level of public confidence in the BP also declined.What about Obama? The
weight of public pressure, including from Congress, to Obama could be
more severe if he does not successfully address the catastrophic oil
spill in the Gulf of Mexico. Failure or success of Obama's address also determines prestige, become worse or better in the eyes of U.S. citizens.Better for Obama to delay trip to the Asia Pacific region. However,
the delay is also demonstrated how the domestic political affairs
sometimes hinder the global involvement of U.S. President. This is especially the case during the first half when a very high share of political affairs. (AFP / AP / REUTERS / BBC.NEWS
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